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马克思为什么是最伟大的思想家

2018-04-16 08:55:57    新华网

早在中学毕业前夕,马克思就写了一篇题为《青年在选择职业时的考虑》的文章,表达了为人类服务的崇高理想,指出那些为大多数人带来幸福的人是最幸福的人,“如果我们选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业……我们的幸福将属于千百万人”。19世纪的欧罗巴,马克思所面对的现实是以残酷刻薄显称于世因而屡被后人诟病的“曼彻斯特资本主义”。马克思愤怒于资产阶级学术为私有财产(资本)提供一切,他则发誓自己要穷毕生精力为劳动者提供一切。作为无产阶级战士的马克思,写作的根本目的就是为了给无产阶级及其政党提供科学的理论武器,因而马克思的著作通篇充溢着一种对人类命运的强烈关怀。

马克思把人作为研究的主题,他关于人的思想极为丰富生动。他认为,要基于劳动哲学本体论检视人及其历史,人的本质是劳动。劳动者处于主体与客体的辩证关系中,主体是劳动者,客体是劳动对象,中介物是劳动资料。原始社会是生产资料公有制。此种前提下劳动者与劳动对象、劳动资料、劳动活动和劳动成果的关系是结合为一,劳动者是人。在私有制社会,作为人的劳动者与自己的本质发生分离,人是非人即被异化的人。在共产主义社会,由于公有制的重新建立而使劳动者与劳动重新结合为一,劳动者是人的复归。历史唯物主义就是马克思上述表述的准确概括。

马克思尤其关心受剥削受压迫劳苦大众的命运。马克思是通过剩余价值理论来揭示资本主义剥削的秘密而完成这一历史使命的。剩余价值规律是资本主义的基本规律,通过剩余价值理论,马克思揭示了资产阶级剥削无产阶级的本质关系。资本追求剩余价值的内在动力和竞争的外在压力,推动生产力和资本主义经济关系的自发发展。但由于资本积累的规律是财富在一端积累,贫困在另一端积累,这就必然导致一部分人的贫困化。贫困化的明显结果是社会的两极分化,一方面是比例越来越小的非常富有的资本家,另一方面是比例越来越大的趋向贫困的人口。这种两极分化造成生产力的盲目无限扩张和劳动者有支付能力的需求相对缩小,形成生产的相对过剩,从而产生周期性经济危机。这反映了资本主义私有制和生产社会化的基本矛盾。正基于此,马克思预言,资本的垄断成了与这种垄断一起并在这种垄断之下繁盛起来的生产方式的桎梏。生产资料的集中和劳动的社会化,达到了同它们的资本主义外壳不能相容的地步,这个外壳就要炸毁了,资本主义私有制的丧钟就要响了,剥夺者就要被剥夺了。

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