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把实验室搬到5200米海底 深海微生物刷新人类认知

2017-09-28 09:07:51   

原标题:5200米海底,深海微生物刷新人类认知

紫色的海参、红色的游虾、白色的小鱼、蓝色的海葵……色彩斑斓的生命在海底一隅欢快地游弋,上演了一出生动的“海底总动员”。

“利用深海摄像,我们清楚地观测到5200米海底的热闹景象,其实,那些肉眼看不到的微生物才是潜藏深海的‘主角’。”中国大洋第45航次首席科学家林辉告诉科技日报记者,连日来,大洋45航次科考队利用大面积调查和原位富集培养等方式,在东太平洋密集开展深海微生物菌株及其基因资源调查。

此前,我国深海生物基因调查大多集中在西南印度洋、南大西洋和东太平洋洋中脊热液区,在类似东太平洋多金属结核区深海平原的调查相对较少。

实验室搬到5200米海底

深达数千米的大洋深处,高压、幽暗、寒冷,曾被人类视为生命禁区。目前人类认识的深海微生物还不足1%,对海底环境中微生物的生命活动及能量代谢过程也知之甚少。

不仅如此,在陆地实验室完全模拟深海环境来培养微生物,也是当前的世界性技术瓶颈。就在前几天,大洋45航次科考队成功回收在海底工作12天的深海微生物原位富集系统,该系统将实验室“搬到”5200多米的海底,利用深海原位的高压、低温、寡营养等极端环境以及开放的物质交换条件,富集和培养在陆地实验室无法获取的海洋微生物。

“我们用滤膜截流由不同底物获取的原位富集菌体,用于种群结构分析。”来自国家海洋局海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室的董纯明博士说。

微生物是新药开发的独特资源

“极端的深海环境赋予微生物独特的种群结构和代谢机制,蕴含着如嗜压、嗜冷及功能待确认的极端菌。深海微生物资源的价值,体现在科研和应用上。”国家海洋局海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室主任邵宗泽表示,开展深海微生物基因研究,有助于我们探寻深海生命的起源和进化机制。

在推动基础研究稳步向前的同时,深海微生物资源在生物医药、工农业、食品、环境等领域均获重要进展,已经形成数十亿美元的产业。

“深海微生物的特殊代谢途径,将产生大量结构全新的药物候选物,为生物技术产业发展和新药开发提供独特的资源。”邵宗泽介绍,科研人员已分离鉴定出50个具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗氧化或抗菌、抗病毒等活性的小分子化合物。其中,深海微生物抗超级耐药性细菌MRSA与流感病毒H1N1的新结构化合物已获发明专利,并将进入成药性评价环节。

我国微生物资源库仍存不足

经过15年的不懈努力,我国已建成库藏量和种类数世界领先的海洋微生物资源库。

“我国在资源库数量等方面跻身世界前列,但在相关的数据挖掘、开发利用,以及知识产权保护方面关注不够。”大洋45航次临时党委书记黄浩坦言。

“相比发达国家,我国深海调查与样品采集方面技术手段有待加强,观测与采样工具正在逐步完善,生物资源研发方面也需补齐短板。”邵宗泽坦言。

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