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关于《互联网跟帖评论服务管理规定》的若干思考

2017-09-15 11:26:42   央广网

吴沈括 石嘉黎

2017年8月25日,国家互联网信息办公室出台《互联网跟帖评论服务管理规定》(以下简称:《规定》),自10月1日起正式施行。此规定共计十三条,厘定跟帖评论服务提供者的主体责任,明确国家和地方网信部门对于跟帖评论服务的监管权限,贯彻了《网络安全法》的制度规定,进一步完善了网络空间的规范治理。就其规范理念而言,尤其值得关注的要旨包括以下三点。

其一,落实实名制,同时加强用户信息保护。《规定》第五条第一款要求注册用户统一采用实名制管理,以认证真实身份信息作为获得跟帖评论服务功能的准入门槛。《规定》提出了“后台实名、前台自愿”原则,突出强调了用户在后台存留自己的真实身份信息,而在前端则可以自行选择显示昵称或实名。这条要求,在规范用户行为、改善网络环境的同时,也最大程度地保障了用户的个人隐私以及在平台表达意见、交流互动的言论自由。

与此同时,加强用户信息保护也成为跟帖评论服务提供者和政府职能部门的工作重点之一。《规定》进一步明确了责任配置,一方面要求平台建立健全用户信息保护制度,严格履行用户信息管理义务,以用户同意为前提合法、合理地收集使用个人信息,不私用、滥用于营利甚至违法行为;另一方面强调各级网信办发挥最后一道防线作用,通过日常和定期检查落实监管执法工作,消除隐患。这一制度设计,保障了用户的信息与数据安全,有利于营造自由而理性的网络舆论环境。

其二,治理网络“水军”,发挥“杀手锏”作用。网络“水军”是寄生于互联网市场的历史性产物,它因具有分散性、难控性、强影响性而在网络空间滋生蔓延,甚至成为一种专业化的营销和公关手段,在影响舆论的过程中,也凸显了许多负面性。

在此背景下,《规定》以强化跟帖评论服务提供者的管理责任和明确政府相关部门的监管职能为两大抓手,针对网络“水军”的成因和特性,有的放矢进行规范整治,如第七条禁止平台以谋取不正当利益为目的或基于错误价值取向而干预公众舆论;第八条规定平台对于违规违法信息应及时主动地采取应对措施;第九条提出平台应对用户采取分级管理模式,开展信用评估以筛除黑名单用户,种种措施将给予泛滥的网络“水军”现象以沉重的一击。

其三,加强跟帖评论管理,网站责无旁贷。从域外实践来看,许多国家正在实践中探索与互联网发展相适应的在线内容治理制度。例如英国政府倡导互联网行业的自律管理,网络服务商通过成立“互联网监督基金会”,对网络信息进行分类管理,帮助用户选择浏览内容,同时与执法部门携手,加强对非法信息的管制以打击网络犯罪行为;加拿大则采取“国家正式授权,行业自行监管”的模式,构建官方和民间并重的治理体系。

《规定》认为整治违规违法的跟帖评论行为,网站平台具有不可推卸的责任和义务,强调其作为管理者的主体地位和主体责任。《规定》第五条列出开展实名认证、建立用户信息保护制度、先审后发制度、信息安全管理制度,创新和开发相关技术、加强审核编辑队伍建设等八个方面的主体责任,旨在推动平台更为自觉、高效地参与服务管理工作。对此,有理由期待,在各项规范的明确指引下,网络平台将更全面地承担起网络治理的社会责任,不断提升信息管理和信息保护能力,加强与执法部门的互动和对接,共同维护网络跟帖评论的良好生态。

总之,《规定》的出台与施行,适应了互联网的特性和发展态势,保障了网络用户依法享有的言论权利,促进了网络跟帖评论服务管理的规范化和科学化,为构建网络空间治理新秩序补上了法治建设的重要一环。

(作者吴沈括系北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院暨法学院副教授、硕导,中国互联网协会研究中心秘书长;作者石嘉黎系北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院硕士研究生)

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