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本报讯记者佘惠敏报道:近日,《自然―生态与进化》发表的一篇论文报道,雌性大杜鹃(也叫布谷鸟)会模仿鹰叫来糊弄苇莺。研究发现,雌性布谷鸟在苇莺巢里下蛋后会模仿鹰叫,分散苇莺的注意力,降低它们发现寄生在巢中的布谷鸟蛋概率。
只有雄布谷鸟才能发出为人熟知的“布谷”声,这种叫声主要用于防御领土。雌性布谷鸟叫声和雄性不同,类似笑声,这种叫声的作用一直不为人所知。不过,这种声音与雀鹰的叫声相似,而雀鹰是苇莺的天敌。
为什么雌性布谷鸟在将蛋下在宿主巢里后,明目张胆地鸣叫,不怕给它们带来恶行暴露的风险?英国剑桥大学的研究团队对此进行了研究。他们分别将雄性和雌性布谷鸟、雀鹰和不具威胁性的控制组(灰斑鸠)的叫声录音播放给苇莺听,并观察苇莺的行为。
他们发现,苇莺对雌性布谷鸟和雀鹰的叫声做出相同的警戒反应――将注意力从鸟蛋转移到自己的安危上。但是,它们并未对雄性布谷鸟和灰斑鸠的叫声做出反应。研究者接着对另一种鸟――山雀播放这些不同的叫声,山雀是雀鹰的猎物但并非布谷鸟的寄主。山雀同样对雌性布谷鸟和雀鹰叫声做出相同反应,这证明了是雌性布谷鸟与雀鹰叫声的相似性引起警戒行为。
这项研究,以及杜鹃亚种中的寄生鸟类往往雄鸟雌鸟叫声不同的事实,表明有性别区分的叫声可能是杜鹃鸟寄生生活方式的重要部分。
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