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开挖到哪里 绿化到哪里——糯扎渡水电站的生态印迹

2017-09-07 17:11:54   新华网

新华社昆明9月7日电 题:开挖到哪里 绿化到哪里——糯扎渡水电站的生态印迹

新华社记者赵珮然、杨静

切割纵深的峡谷、绿汪汪的湖水被一条大坝拦腰揽住,陡峭边坡上树木郁郁葱葱,争奇斗艳的黄叶假连翘、红花羊蹄甲等点缀其间……

“过去电站边坡上怪石嶙峋,植物很难生长。”在糯扎渡电站工作多年的梅传保回忆说。

糯扎渡水电站横拦澜沧江,位于云南普洱市境内,因攻破世界级水利难关而收获了多项第一。更为重要的是,糯扎渡水电站积极探索研究保护环境和生物多样性的措施,稳步推进水电开发的生态文明建设,在打造水电开发与生态保护的双赢路上留下了独特的生态印迹。

2005年糯扎渡水电站开工时就启动绿色工区建设,始终做到“开挖到哪里、挡护到哪里、绿化到哪里”。为增加植被,电站工作人员引入能固土、生长迅速植物的同时,致力研究混播草籽、混种树木,将乔木、灌木和草本植物结合起来形成高中低立体绿化。

在边坡陡峭处和石质地上,糯扎渡人选择了筚路蓝缕的“开荒”行动,挑土上山,在石头上垫土造地。“当时大家一簸箕一簸箕地抬土,一个来回一个来回地跑,把斜坡硬生生回填起来,就为造出一块土质松软的绿地。”梅传保说。

如今,两岸山体上绿树成荫,糯扎渡水电站已完成边坡治理约60万平方米,植被自然恢复45万平方米,绿化面积达1698.47万平方米。水电站27万平方米的营地上纵横排列着1万多棵树,苗圃整齐分布在道路和房屋间,高峡平湖边星罗棋布。“花园电站”的称号让游客纷至沓来。

“开辟绿地是‘立新’,‘两站一园’则是‘守旧’。”华能澜沧江上游水电有限公司总经理周建说,新增绿地是为了保持水土,而“两站一园”的设立则是为了全力保护当地原生物种。

据介绍,珍稀植物园和野生动物拯救站主要用来安置电站建设波及的动植物“移民”。目前,植物园占地100亩,移植栽种了宽叶苏铁、篦齿苏铁、中华桫椤、红椿、金荞麦等11种国家保护植物共13400余株;动物拯救站对在库区发现的伤、病、残和非法捕猎的野生动物进行医护救治、暂养野化,而待痊愈放生后还要进行标识和跟踪监测;鱼类增殖放流站开展珍稀鱼类人工增殖放流和科研等工作,则有效地保护了土著鱼类。

2012年7月的一个晚上,令鱼类增殖放流站的工作人员毕生难忘。那晚,澜沧江土著鱼——巨魾的人工增殖技术在放流站里取得成功。云南省渔业科学研究院研究员薛晨江介绍:“国内外目前还没有关于巨魾成功实现人工繁殖的案例、文献,这意味着糯扎渡电站鱼类增殖放流站巨魾人工增殖在全世界范围内首次获得成功。”

“在设立鱼类增殖放流站前,糯扎渡水电站从设计环节就开始构思土著鱼类保护。”周建说,电站水库总库容237亿立方米,水库水温属稳定分层,下泄低温水对鱼类生长繁殖有负面作用。因此,电站在工程设计中通过大量水力模型试验,确定工程采用叠梁门取水方式,投资2亿多元建设糯扎渡水电站进水口分层取水设施,有效减缓了下泄低温水影响。

此外,糯扎渡水电站还委托专业单位对放流站以及施工区域的垃圾填埋场、生活污水处理等环保措施进行专项设计。周建认为,绿色水电建设规划是糯扎渡水电站重要的试点经验,让水电建设和生态保护齐头并进。

可以说,“绿色水电”概念贯穿了糯扎渡水电站建设、运行管理的全过程,平衡了水电开发与生态保护的关系。在为“西电东送”南部通道输送绿色能源的同时,也用独特的生态印迹增添了水电开发的绿色智慧。

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