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跨越百年的教科书见证中国时代变迁

2017-09-03 17:20:49   新华网

新华社太原9月3日电(记者王井怀)9月初,全国大中小学校陆续开学。在山西省图书馆,一场百年教科书展正在展出,时间跨越晚清、民国直至改革开放前后的1000余本教科书,见证了中国的时代变迁。

这次展出的教科书是山西收藏家贾大锦的收藏作品。从上世纪80年代起,当时还是太原铜业公司工人的贾大锦迷恋上收集教科书,目前已收集了自清朝到改革开放前后的2000多本教科书,此次展出了其中一部分。

按时代顺序,这些教科书分为晚清新学堂时期、民国初年、抗日战争时期、中国共产党延安时期、新中国成立后等几个部分。

“教科书是一个时代主流价值观的集中体现。”贾大锦说。在清朝末年的一本《国文教科书》中,用连续三节课的内容讲述变法对国家富强的重要性。课本从中国古代的商鞅变法讲起,一直讲到十八世纪、十九世纪西方各国的各项制度改革,最后得出一条结论:善变法则国可以强,古今中外一也。

清末民初,各类新学堂已经蔚为大观。一系列物理、化学、几何等新式教科书应运而生。记者看到商务印书馆、中华书局等出版的各类教科书,在几本书上,毛笔痕迹的公式运算仍十分清楚。

上世纪二三十年代,在爱国图强思想影响下,中国教育十分重视实用。成立于1919年的山西省国民师范学校是那个时代的典型。展出这个学校数理化等基础知识课本的同时,还展示了当时的织布、军事等实用技术教科书。其中,关于织布的教科书就有三种,分别是《织布教本》《织布口诀》和织布成品介绍。

中国共产党在延安时期的教科书十分重视弘扬爱国主义旋律。一本晋冀边区印刷于1945年的《国语课本》中,记载了“抗战前一个东北小学生的自述”。这篇课文讲述了一名小学生在伪满洲国的课本上写了“打日本”三个字后,被老师秘密送到北平的故事。

新中国成立后,我国赢来了和平发展的时机,国家开始日益强大。上世纪50年代的一本小学歌曲课本中收录了一首叫《燕子》的歌,通过归来燕子的视角,唱出了家乡和祖国的变化:“去年这里是荒凉的山岗,如今变成了高大的厂房”“歌唱幸福美丽的家乡,歌唱自由神圣的国土”。

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