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揭示“稻花”发育调控机制 我国科学家发现水稻增产新途径

2017-08-31 19:46:09   中国青年网

新华社重庆8月31日电(记者柯高阳)我国科学家日前通过研究证实,原始的“稻花”(水稻小穗)由三个小花构成,水稻小穗中的两个护颖是由侧生小花退化而来。该研究首次揭示了水稻小穗侧生小花的发育调控机制,为通过提高水稻每穗粒数实现增产提供了可能。相关研究成果已于8月28日在线发表在著名学术期刊《美国科学院院报》上。

据论文通讯作者、西南大学农学与生物科技学院何光华教授介绍,水稻产量的构成有“三要素”——亩穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重,其中每穗粒数是最重要的因素。每穗粒数的多少又受到水稻花序上一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数及其上着生小穗密度的影响。目前已鉴定的水稻高产基因主要是以增加枝梗数目或着粒密度来实现增产,我国主要高产水稻品种中已经含有这些优良等位基因。要想通过改良这些基因从而达到增产目的的难度较大,因此需要寻找增加每穗粒数的新途径。

何光华介绍,每穗粒数的形成还有一个重要的影响因素——小穗内小花的数目,但正常水稻一个小穗内只包含一个可育小花。虽然早在上个世纪30年代英国植物学家阿格尼斯·阿尔伯就提出了水稻“三花小穗”假说,认为原始的稻花可能由三个小花构成,小穗中两个“无用”的颖片器官可能是两个侧生小花退化而来,但该假说缺乏直接证据。

2013年以来,何光华和李云峰副教授领导的研究团队利用EMS诱变(一种人工化学诱变技术),首次分离鉴定了一个显性功能获得性突变体lf1。该突变体小穗除了产生正常的顶生小花外,护颖处还发育出了1-2个包含正常器官的侧生小花。通过图位克隆、细胞学、分子生物学等手段,研究团队揭示了LF1编码的转录因子通过起始分生组织维持基因OSH1的异位表达来促进侧生花分生组织形成的分子机制,明确证实了水稻“三花小穗”假说。

该研究同时为提高水稻产量提供了一条新的途径。“通过培育‘三花小穗’水稻品种,理论上可以大幅度提高每穗粒数,从而实现水稻显著增产。”李云峰说。

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