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俯瞰西安世博园。本报见习记者 唐芊尔摄/光明图片
渭河灞渭桥。本报见习记者 唐芊尔摄/光明图片
渭河两岸的依依垂柳、浐灞湿地的亲水步道、周至水街的秀美风情……漫步在古城西安,处处都是“活力水城”的生动画卷。近日,西安成功通过水生态文明城市建设试点验收,全面完成7方面29项试点建设任务,25项指标全部达标。伴随着水生态文明城市建设步伐的加快,消失已久的“八水绕长安”胜景正悄然回归。
困境 西安缘何从“陆海”化身“旱城”
“荡荡乎八川分流,相背而异态。”西汉文学家司马相如在著名的《上林赋》中描写了围绕古都西安的8条河流。自此,“长安八水”的盛名开始流传。所谓八水,指的是渭、泾、沣、涝、潏、滈、浐、灞8条河流。在古代,它们在西安城四周穿流,均属黄河水系。除了自然水系,“长安八水”也包括人工开掘的水渠、湖泊。自汉代起,昆明池、漕渠等均起到饮用、航运、灌溉等重要作用。隋唐长安城外八水环绕,城内渠道纵横,形成多处风景区,以曲江池、兴庆池、太液池、昆明池和定昆池最为著名。
可随着时代更迭,曾经烟波浩渺、碧波荡漾的景象却与西安“渐行渐远”,到了21世纪初,“八水”虽依旧存在,但水量却大不如前。西安从“陆海”变成“旱城”。
一方面,秦汉以来,随着城市的发展、人口的增加,人们砍伐了大量的树木,破坏了涵养水源的生态系统。另一方面,随着唐后期政治中心迁出西安,治水力度也随之减弱。宋以后,西安大量渠道废塞,水流不畅,这个问题一直持续到现在。
破局 做水生态文明建设的先行者
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