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大运河如何“漂”来紫禁城

2017-08-29 02:20:56   新华网

图为游客在北京故宫博物院游览。

傅建斌摄(人民视觉)

“千百年来,大运河如血脉般流淌。故宫与大运河渊源颇深,故宫博物院单霁翔院长曾说过,紫禁城是运河漂来的。”日前,故宫博物院常务副院长王亚民表示。

故宫博物院,是一座特殊的博物馆。故宫旧称紫禁城,位于北京中轴线的中心,是明清两个朝代的皇宫,是世界上现存规模最大、保存最为完整的木质结构宫殿型建筑。据说,故宫总面积达72万多平方米,传说有殿宇宫室9999间半,被称为“殿宇之海”,气魄宏伟,极为壮观。

如此宏伟的建筑,仅靠北京本地的建筑材料,显然是不够的。那么其余的砖石、木料等物,要如何运抵北京呢?答案有一个:相当一部分是顺着中国大运河“漂”来的。当然,这个“漂”是比较形象的说法,是指它们由河运而来。

据资料记载,明成祖朱棣下令修建紫禁城,参与紫禁城工程建造的工匠多达百万。以故宫三大殿前后的御道石为例,这些石块每块长16米,宽3.17米,重量超过200吨,为运送这些巨石,动用的民工超过两万人。

再说木材,那时,最初为紫禁城采伐的木材是产自西南地区崇山峻岭之间的珍贵木材――楠木。据王亚民介绍,仅以故宫乾清宫为例,据老工匠估算,从地面到顶层大约用了5000立方米的木料,一座宫殿所用材料数目就如此惊人,更不用说整个故宫所需的木材了。

修筑紫禁城所耗费的砖石数量同样巨大。据统计,整个工程仅用砖便多达8000万块,其中许多砖块来自山东临清。王亚民说,铺就太和殿、中和殿、保和殿大殿地面的金砖产自苏州,是经历了繁琐的烧制工艺后制成的。

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