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特写:深海“神抓手”如何练成

2017-08-23 21:08:07   新华网

新华社“科学”号8月23日电 特写:深海“神抓手”如何练成

新华社记者张旭东

凭借“科学”号科考船搭载的“发现”号遥控无人潜水器,科考队员近日在西太平洋卡罗琳海山采集了大量深海样品,有指尖大小的螺,也有1米多高的海绵和大块岩石。抓取它们的是潜水器上看似笨拙的机械手。那么,能够化笨拙为灵巧的“神抓手”是如何练成的?

周文早是“发现”号操控团队成员,他告诉记者,获取样品主要靠“发现”号的两个机械手:一个比较灵活,可通过控制液压量根据需要慢慢移动;另一个则更为机械,一下子就到了设定位置,不能自由掌控。

比较笨的“左手”主要干一些“粗活”,采集岩石样品等,大部分时间都依靠灵活的“右手”。虽然右边的机械手相对灵活,但人在船上,潜水器在几千米深海里,如何掌控它精确取样就要下一番功夫了。

“我们要先学习操控绞车和A型架,就是吊放潜水器的设备,随后辅助指导操控绞车和A型架,再往上就可以进入潜水器操控室,学习操控机械手取样,”周文早说。

好似玩游戏“抓娃娃”机一般,操控杆动一下,机械手就动一下,要想顺利抓取目标物品颇需一番功夫。刚开始要熟悉操控杆和机械手的对应关系,然后摸索如何让机械手呈现出自己最想要的姿势,最后要让机械手像自己的胳膊和手一样,取样时动作连贯,一气呵成。

“我们去拿桌上一个杯子,胳膊和手做出的动作非常连贯。但遥控无人潜水器操控的初学者可能就要先抬胳膊,伸出去,再调整机械手的姿势去抓。慢慢的,动作就变得越来越连贯了,”周文早说,“下一个航次,我们就要用机械手将一个仪器插进海底泥沙中5厘米,取样,再插5厘米取样,要求操控非常精准。”

操控机械手熟练后,就可以学习操控潜水器了。“发现”号有7个推进器,可以前、后、左、右、上、下移动,就像一架飞机,而且潜水器和飞机的操纵杆完全一致,因此遥控无人潜水器的操控者也被称为“飞行员”。

“‘飞’潜水器风险很高,要考虑方方面面的因素,”周文早说,为保证稳定,取样时潜水器一般要坐底。坐底时要看地形是否平坦,不能让潜水器底部受力,因为底部有很多采样工具和传感器,如果损坏就不能继续工作。另外,要小心上下左右的障碍物,慢慢移动潜水器,还要关注声呐扫描障碍物的情况。

如果要在比较陡峭的地方取样,潜水器无法坐底,就要“飞”着取样,风险更大。一方面要克服海流的影响,保持潜水器稳定。另外,潜水器和峭壁之间的距离要掌控好,离得太近可能让潜水器顶部碰到岩石,离得太远机械手又够不着。

“通过摄像头观察,就好像人只有一个眼睛,很难准确判断目标物的大小和距离,这就需要不断累积经验,”周文早说。

遥控无人潜水器和母船之间有一根缆相连,给潜水器供电和传输信号。周文早说,在潜水器移动过程中,要特别小心缆的朝向,不能让缆勾在某个地方,否则一受力可能就跳电了,潜水器就会失去动力,非常危险。潜水器移动过程中,还需母船密切配合,两者之间保持稳定距离,才能保证安全。

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