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让哈萨克族的歌声在草原上传唱下去

2017-08-20 16:26:21   新华网

新华社兰州8月20日电(记者王博、刘能静)白色毡房内,彩色花毡上,裹着红头巾,库来木怀抱冬不拉,为客人们即兴表演了一段“阿肯阿依特斯”,引得众人连连拍手叫好。

今年49岁的库来木是甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县的一名资深“阿肯”。她所表演的“阿肯阿依特斯”是哈萨克族民间广泛流传的古老弹唱艺术,也是诗人们即兴之间的“对歌”行为,在哈萨克族中,具有这种表演能力的人被称为“阿肯”。

“我从八九岁就开始跟着爸爸学习弹唱。”库来木回忆道,儿时,周围的牧民大多还过着逐水草而居的游牧生活,闲暇时,父辈们就会围聚在一起,冬不拉一弹,周边的牧民都会赶来观看。

库来木介绍,“阿肯阿依特斯”通常为两人一组,对唱时,先由一方发问,另一方要根据对方唱词中抛出的问题,快速完成做诗、选曲、伴奏、演唱等任务来应答,双方你来我往,在这种比才斗智的过程中让对方折服。

据了解,“阿肯阿依特斯”演唱的内容极为广泛,从国家大事到家长里短,从歌颂英雄到抨击奸佞,“阿肯”们或辩论,或讽刺,都能通过冬不拉伴奏演唱出来,成为深受牧民喜爱的艺术形式。

然而,日趋现代化的生活也给古老的“阿肯阿依特斯”带来了挑战。“现在的年轻人都喜欢接触一些新鲜事物,‘阿肯阿依特斯’这种表现形式不多见了。”库来木忧心忡忡地说。

阿克塞县文体中心干部陈鹤鹏介绍,与诗歌、散文不同,“阿肯阿依特斯”的内容多是即兴创作,因此很少有经典名录保存下来供后人学习;此外,也正是表演的即时性,不但要考验“阿肯”的弹奏水平,更要考验他们平时的知识积累、临场应变等综合能力,这一严格的要求也导致学习人数不多。

据介绍,目前在阿克塞,经常从事“阿肯阿依特斯”表演的“阿肯”不足20人,而当地哈萨克族民众则有近4000人,“亟须传承和保护。”陈鹤鹏说。

2008年,哈萨克族“阿肯阿依特斯”被列入第一批“国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录”,以此为契机,阿克塞县开展了一系列抢救和保护工作。当年,库来木被阿克塞县推荐为甘肃省省级非遗传承人,省级财政每年对她给予5000元的补贴,用于“阿肯”的培训、传承工作;同时,阿克塞县还设立了相应的“非遗”传承人工作室,作为“阿肯阿依特斯”培训教学的固定场所。

去年,在一次民歌表演中,正在上初一的拉扎提被库来木“看中”,成为她的“徒弟”。“拉扎提具有一定的民歌表演基础,最关键的是她对这门艺术非常喜爱。”库来木说。

拉扎提告诉记者,每周只要有空闲时间,她都会跟随老师学习“阿肯阿依特斯”。“除了要学习基本的弹奏外,还要广泛阅读专门的书籍。”拉扎提说,“虽然要求很高,但我会努力学习,让更多的人听到这门艺术。”

记者了解到,近年来,除了老艺人的“传帮带”以外,阿克塞县还在当地的小学、初中设立了冬不拉弹唱、哈萨克语诵读、民族舞蹈等哈萨克民族文化兴趣小组,通过这一形式,从小培养学生对传统民族文化的热爱;阿克塞县在每年夏季也会举办“阿肯阿依特斯”比赛,来增加人们的关注度。

“这些都为学习和传承营造了良好氛围。”陈鹤鹏说,“阿肯阿依特斯”的传承与保护不能只局限于“阿肯”们的传授,而应该是全社会相互协同作用的结果,“只有这样,草原上哈萨克族的歌声才能一直传唱下去。”

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