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青藏高原遭遇生态改善“甜蜜烦恼”

2017-08-04 17:33:48   中国青年网

新华社拉萨8月4日电(记者 黄兴)过去,藏羚羊盗猎成灾,种群数量急剧下降;如今,仅西藏境内的藏羚羊数量就达15万只。青藏高原许多野生动物数量呈井喷式增长,生态改善后出现“人兽相争”的“甜蜜烦恼”。

中科院发布报告显示,西藏境内125种国家重点保护野生动物得到很好保护:藏羚羊种群数逐年增加;黑颈鹤数量达7000只左右;野牦牛增至1万头左右。

如今,西藏正成野生动物栖息的乐园,已建成自然保护区61处,其中国家级自然保护区10处,面积达37万平方公里。在广袤的藏北草原,常可看见成群的野生动物:藏原羚个子小巧,臀部有心形白色印迹,颇具萌态;地势平坦的滨河湖畔,藏羚羊身姿婀娜,优美的对角惹人怜爱;藏野驴三五成群,时而低头食草,时而轻盈奔跑……

刚刚结束的第二次青藏高原综合科考江湖源生物与生态变化考察中,中科院西北高原生物研究所副研究员连新明的工作是观测食草类哺乳动物。他说,在科考中曾发现约500只藏羚羊的队伍。据他介绍,因正值产羔期,在羌塘草原常可见到藏羚羊迁徙的身影。

西藏自治区林业厅表示,经多年努力,西藏濒危野生动物种群数量实现恢复性增长:藏羚羊摘掉“受威胁物种”的帽子;曾被认为绝迹的西藏马鹿,上世纪90年代重新发现,种群不断扩大;野生动物的天敌、号称“草原清道夫”的狼,数量也有明显增长……

随着种群数量增加,野生动物在雪域高原上集体任性、恣意逍遥,人与动物的关系也在悄然变化,野生动物开始侵扰牛羊家畜,破坏房屋圈舍,甚至害人性命。棕熊伤人甚至致人死亡的事情,现在羌塘草原上也屡有耳闻。

作为祸首的棕熊,人们印象中笨笨呆呆,但却时常“为祸一方”,使人哭笑不得。连新明说,棕熊对农牧民影响最大。它们喜喝菜籽油,往往窗进、门出,或门进、窗出,朝牧民糌粑里便溺,极尽破坏之能事。棕熊是国家二级保护动物,农牧民往往难以处理。

针对频发的动物肇事现象,西藏早在2006年就实施野生动物肇事补偿机制,对受害农牧民予以补偿,还有保险公司推出“野生动物肇事险”,使问题得到一定的解决。不过在一些县,野生动物成群结队在草原上游走,与家畜抢草吃,如何解决让人颇费思量。

西藏野生动物专家刘务林等人称,解决“人兽冲突”的治本之策或许在于给野生动物足够空间,确保人与动物互不相扰。连新明也表示,应借鉴发达国家在处理“人兽冲突”的经验,严格控制草原载畜量,切实为野生动物留足空间。

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