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人民日报刊文谈社会主义与市场经济

2016-11-21 05:55:37   人民日报

原标题:实现社会主义与市场经济有机结合(大家手笔)

建构中国特色社会主义政治经济学的主线

张卓元

主线一般指贯穿理论体系始终的主要线索,它决定理论体系内有哪些重要范畴和标志理论体系独特性、层次较高的规定。马克思《资本论》的主线是资本剥削劳动以及剩余价值的分配。我国老一辈经济学家孙冶方在上个世纪60年代初组织撰写《社会主义经济论》时,曾提出要按照马克思《资本论》的写作方法展开论述,并以“最小最大”即用最小的劳动消耗取得最大的有用效果作为全书的主线,主张充分发挥价值规律对生产和流通的调节作用。这在计划经济时期无疑是标新立异的有益探索。

改革开放以来,我国逐步引入市场机制,1992年进一步把社会主义市场经济体制确立为经济体制改革的目标,明确了发展中国特色社会主义经济就是发展社会主义市场经济。伴随着市场化改革的不断推进,我国经济迅速起飞,1979年2015年的年均经济增速达9.6%,创造了人类社会经济长时期快速增长的新奇迹。实践证明,根据我国国情发展社会主义市场经济是正确的、有效的。在这样的背景下,社会主义市场经济论就成为中国特色社会主义政治经济学的主要支柱。社会主义市场经济论的核心即社会主义与市场经济的结合,就理所当然地成为中国特色社会主义政治经济学的主线。

在社会主义条件下发展市场经济,是前无古人的伟大创举。以往的市场经济都建立在私有制基础上,传统的经济理论都认为市场经济是排斥公有制的,因此以公有制为主体的社会主义不能与市场经济相结合。中国的改革实践否定了这一理论。我们找到了公有制特别是国有制的有效实现形式股份制和基本经济制度的重要实现形式混合所有制经济,把国有大中型企业改革为现代股份公司,实现了公有制特别是国有制与市场经济的有机结合。

社会主义与市场经济的结合、公有制与市场经济的结合是有机的、相互渗透的。一方面,公有制特别是国有制要通过股份制等现代企业组织形式成为市场经济主体,允许个体、私营、外资经济存在和发展,形成多元市场主体。另一方面,市场经济的发展要适应社会主义实现公平正义、共同富裕的目标。总之,要努力使社会主义和市场经济各自的优势很好地发挥出来。

实现社会主义与市场经济有机结合的难度不小。比如,如何处理好政府与市场的关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用,就是一个难度不小的课题。又如,1993年党的十四届三中全会就确定了国有企业改革的方向是建立现代企业制度。经过此后20多年的改革,国有企业基本上实现了股份制改革。同时,现代企业制度仍有待完善,不少中央企业集团公司还要推进股份制改革以建立现代企业制度;一些国有控股公司董事会还不能很好履行公司法规定的职责,国有企业和非公有制企业公平竞争的环境还有待健全。还有,怎样把社会主义市场经济的发展引导到实现共同富裕的目标上来,难度更大。对此,应巩固和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度,健全按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度,不断完善财税的再分配功能以促进发展成果人人共享,完善各项社会政策的托底功能包括精准扶贫、全面脱贫等。

由上可见,社会主义与市场经济的结合、公有制与市场经济的结合是发展社会主义市场经济的核心,贯穿于社会主义市场经济活动的方方面面,社会主义市场经济体制就是在推进这种有机结合中不断完善和成熟的,也是在这一过程中推动经济社会发展的。因此,我们在构建中国特色社会主义政治经济学时,要把社会主义与市场经济的结合、公有制与市场经济的结合作为主线贯穿始终,形成逻辑严密、结构有序的理论体系。

(作者为中国社会科学院学部委员)

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