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养老金个账空账率超九成 将来兑现或入不敷出

2016-10-15 13:10:58   华夏时报

数据显示,启动坐实个人账户试点后,全国个人账户空账规模依然骤增:2004年为7400亿元,2007年突破1万亿,2013年达到3.1万亿,2015年则已经超过了4万亿。

“个人账户空账越来越大的问题不解决,将来兑现个人账户部分时很有可能入不敷出。”10月13日,51社保的创始人兼CEO余清泉接受记者采访时表示,个人账户空账,退休时这部分支取完全有赖于财政补贴,如果恰逢经济不好,会引发极大的社会问题。

近年来,城镇基本养老保险基金征缴收支缺口越来越大,各级财政不得不加大补贴力度,单单在2010年至2015年之间,各级财政补贴到基本养老保险基金的金额分别高达1954亿元、2272亿元、2648亿元、3019亿元、3548亿元、4716亿元,补贴逐年增加。

为“名义账户”提供改革空间

很明显,坐实个人账户并未解决空账“滚雪球”的问题,此后的中共十八届三中全会提出:“建立更加公平可持续的社会保障制度,坚持社会统筹和个人账户相结合,完善个人账户制度。”

从强调“坐实”转向“完善”,口径明显松动,个人账户俨然已经成了养老保险制度的一块“心病”。

“从坐实个人账户试点向完善个人账户制度转型,意味着个人账户功能定位的重大改变。”郑秉文表示。

个人账户既然坐不实,或者与其坐实让其贬值,不如选择一种新的模式,“名义账户”的提法应运而生,并且,在十八届三中全会之前,此提法基本形成了共识。

所谓名义账户制,就是将缴费确定型的待遇发放与现收现付的筹资机制相结合的新制度。其主要特征为:用投资收益率作为个人账户的记账利率,参保人可在退休后按该记账利率累积后的金额领取养老金。换句话说,就是个人账户中没有真实资金,仅是对个人缴费进行记账,把缴费和收益都计入账户,作为未来发放的依据。

“名义账户制并不等于是欠账,并不等于简单地做空了事,而是一种可选择的模式,需要一系列配套措施,比如要实行与生物收益率挂钩的高利率原则,要坚决地扩大个人账户比例,增强参保人激励机制,调动他们的积极性,增强老百姓的真实获得感,让老百姓获得实惠。”作为最早译介、引入和研究名义账户制的国内学者,郑秉文在十多年前就提出,引入和建立名义账户制是解决我国社保制度困境的一把钥匙。

“坐实个人账户试点本身就存在着一些问题,首先,历史欠账没有划分清楚,这部分不清楚,财政补足坐实的工作就会相对混乱;其次,选择的试点大部分都是养老基金本身就是入不敷出的地方,个人账户很难坐实。”余清泉表示,采取名义账户制度是一种解决问题的思路,但同样需要把历史债务固化下来,明确表明每个人账户中的历史欠债有多少,比如已经实施养老金并轨的机关事业单位人员,该群体的个人账户都是视同缴纳,这部分本身就属于历史债务。

除此之外,余清泉担心,这类改革除了需要精算和相应的制度设计外,同样需要考虑社会舆论的效应,避免引发恶性循环。

就此,郑秉文表示,在目前统账结合框架内,个人账户部分从坐实账户转向名义账户,是一次制度升级,是一次结构调整,目的是增强多缴多得的激励机制,强化精算中性因素和坚持精算平衡原则的变革。

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