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人民日报:切实改变国际话语权“西强我弱”格局

2016-09-20 07:33:45   人民日报

原标题:切实改变国际话语权“西强我弱”格局(治理之道)

张志洲

《人民日报》(2016年09月20日07版)

国际话语权是国家文化软实力的重要组成部分。当前,我国国际话语权的提升仍然面临诸多掣肘,主要表现有:在回应国际舆论对我国政策的歪曲和对我国制度的抹黑上比较乏力,“有理说不清”;在国际舆论议题设置上缺乏足够能力,常常只能被动接受;在外交政策的实行与国际责任的承担上,我们做得合理合法合情,却经常遭到西方的无端指责;等等。可以说,尽管近年来我国国际话语权有了较大程度提升,但“西强我弱”的格局还没有根本改变。提升我国国际话语权,需要针对现实情况,采取“问题导向”和“方法应用”相结合的思路。其中,“问题导向”是根本和关键;“方法应用”则是指在抓住问题实质后能够提出有效的解决方法,包括话语的创新与传播的改进。从二者相结合的角度来看,提升我国国际话语权需要在以下几方面加大力度。

做到“对症下药”。我国国际话语权的不足表现在不同层面、不同领域和不同性质的问题上。因此,提升国际话语权不能只谈一般性原则而不讲具体对策。比如,因我国政治制度与意识形态不同于西方国家而产生的国际话语权争夺,与我国和西方国家在气候问题等具体议题上出现的话语权争夺,二者属于不同层面、具有不同性质:前者属于立国之本的原则性话语权,后者属于具体事务性话语权。提升我国国际话语权,要注意层次和性质,区分原则性话语权与具体事务性话语权,采取不同的应对和提升策略。

打好战略“组合拳”。我国国际话语权不足是一个整体性问题,需要系统应对,防止不同层面、不同领域、不同性质问题上的“中国话语”自相矛盾,或因为在某一议题上的“短视”而顾此失彼。这就要求我国制定国际话语权战略,明确战略目标、路径和重点,在政策措施上有一套“组合拳”,如政府、企业、学界、公共外交相结合,多管齐下,既发挥各自功能又融为一个整体。

形成高质量的中国国际话语。提高国际话语权既依靠国家实力,也依靠话语本身。高质量的话语应有这样一些特征:在议题设置上有引导力,在规则制定的争议中有说服力,对于曲解与抹黑有回击力,对于质疑有解释力;不回避敏感问题并能巧妙表达,熟悉国际规则并占据国际社会道义制高点;等等。当前,我国对外话语的质量亟待提升,如对国际规则、思潮和问题的敏感点不了解,对我国的价值体系、政策理由与独特国际贡献说不清,结果难以达到被认同的效果。高质量的国际话语必须融通中外,同时有新概念、新范畴、新表述。

改进我国话语国际传播体系。再好的话语只有在传播中被受众接收,才有可能获得认同,从而赢得话语权。良好的国际传播是“讲好中国故事,传播好中国声音”的必要条件。近年来,我国在话语传播体系上采取了一系列有效措施,但总体而言,我国话语的国际传播能力还比较弱。改进我国话语国际传播体系是一项系统工程,当前要抓住一些要点先做起来。如做好国别与区域的“分众传播”,对不同国家受众讲好不同故事;不要只盯住西方政府与主流媒体,而要同时加强对发展中国家特别是“一带一路”沿线国家的传播;大力培养非通用语人才,为国家传播战略人才选拔夯实坚实基础;等等。

(作者为北京外国语大学国际关系学院教授)

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