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华人科学家宣布发现“天使粒子”

2017-07-21 14:22:25   新华网

新华社旧金山7月20日电(记者马丹)美国斯坦福大学华人科学家张首晟等人20日在美国《科学》杂志上报告说,他们首次发现了马约拉纳费米子存在的证据。这一重大发现解决了困扰量子物理学80年的难题,对量子计算也具有重要意义。

正负、阴阳、善恶……这个世界仿佛充满正反对立。英国物理学家保罗·狄拉克1928年预言,每一个基本粒子都有对应的反粒子。几年后,科学家在宇宙射线中发现了电子的反粒子正电子,验证了这一预言。1937年,意大利物理学家埃托雷·马约拉纳预言,自然界中可能存在一类特殊的粒子,它们的反粒子就是自身,这种正反同体的粒子被称为马约拉纳费米子。

不过,马约拉纳费米子存在的证据一直未被发现,它和中微子、希格斯—玻色子等一起,成为理论早有预言但长期无法验证的粒子。如今,张首晟团队终于找到了它存在的证据。

张首晟把他们发现的马约拉纳费米子称为“天使粒子”。根据爱因斯坦的质能转换公式,当一个粒子遇上其反粒子就会发生湮灭,并释放能量。美国惊悚片《天使与魔鬼》提到正反粒子湮灭爆炸的场景,将粒子与反粒子比喻天使与魔鬼。“而在我们发现的马约拉纳费米子的世界里,只有天使,没有魔鬼。”张首晟对新华社记者说。

在寻找“天使粒子”的过程中,张首晟领导的理论团队预言了通过怎样的实验平台能够找到马约拉纳费米子,哪些实验信号能够作为证据;加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的何庆林、王康隆以及欧文分校的夏晶领导的实验团队与理论团队密切合作,在实验中发现了被称为手性马约拉纳费米子的一类最基本马约拉纳费米子。中国的复旦大学和上海科技大学对实验也有贡献。

按照理论团队预言,研究人员搭建了一个将普通超导体薄膜置于量子反常霍尔效应薄膜(即磁性拓扑绝缘体)之上的混合器件。施加低强度外磁场后,研究人员测量到了半整数量子平台,这成为手性马约拉纳费米子存在的实验证据。

张首晟解释说,在以往的量子反常霍尔效应实验中,随着调节外磁场,会出现整数量子平台。这是通常的粒子行为。马约拉纳费米子没有反粒子,相当于半个传统粒子,因此当把普通超导体置于量子反常霍尔效应薄膜之上时,在通常的整数量子平台之外,会新出现半整数量子平台。

他说,发现马约拉纳费米子存在,对于建造稳定的量子计算机具有重要意义。

量子计算机能够进行高度并行的量子计算,效率远超经典计算机,但环境噪声是研发量子计算机的一大障碍。一个量子比特(量子计算的基本单位)的信息很难稳定存储,微弱的环境噪声就会破坏其量子特性。

由于马约拉纳费米子相当于半个传统粒子,一个量子比特可以拆成两个费米子,这就提供了一个绝妙的可能性:一个量子比特的信息能够储存在两个相距遥远的马约拉纳费米子上。这样,传统的噪声极难同时以同样的方式影响这两个马约拉纳费米子,也就很难同时毁灭它们所存储的量子信息。

责任编辑:韩佟 CL1368
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