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党报评法国大选:当民粹主义进入政治运行会发生啥

2017-05-01 00:33:02   海外网

从英国脱欧、特朗普胜选开始,世界政治中大家熟悉的一个词是“民粹主义”,认为这些事件都有此类倾向。最近的事例则来自上周末——法国大选首轮投票,持中间立场的马克龙和激进右翼的勒庞胜出,二人将最终角逐总统宝座。

39岁的马克龙曾担任法国经济部长,有一位比自己年长24岁的妻子,颜值颇高,其路线则被欧洲金融市场认为是主流的经济改革;勒庞的右翼路线则包括退出欧元区、贸易保护、驱逐非法移民等,被唤“女版特朗普”。

从目前的法国大选民调来看,马克龙更受欢迎;但特朗普当选的事实则告诉我们,别对民调抱有太多期望。

当然,无论谁当选,都已经打破了长达60年的传统——自1958年戴高乐创立法兰西第五共和国以来,法国政权一直为左翼社会党和右翼共和党交替掌握;但马克龙所属的“前进”党才创立1年,勒庞则是从自己的父亲手中接过了极右翼政党“国民阵线”的大旗。

在商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院研究员梅新育看来,关注法国大选,是因为这其中有不同“民粹主义”在政治中的现实演化,尤其是对待福利制度的观点差异,将可能显著地影响到显示政治操作和走向。用郑永年的话说,就是“每个国家都存在民粹主义思潮,区别只是执政者是否驱使或诉诸民粹主义”。

推荐给各位岛友,略长,但值得假日一读。本文最初以《从法国大选看西方的两种“民粹主义”》为题,刊发于4月25日的《21世纪经济报道》,原文刊发时有字句改动。本文经原作者授权刊发。侠客岛加了小标题。以下为原文:

英国脱欧——民粹主义!

特朗普胜选——民粹主义!

勒庞在法国大选中领先——民粹主义!

……

去年以来,在国际经济与政治舆论中,“民粹主义”一词使用频率已经急剧高涨。

但在众多媒体不假思索扣下的同一顶“民粹主义”帽子之下,存在本质不同的诉求,其区别在福利制度上面表现得最为显著。

两种主义

一种“民粹主义”指的是追求高福利的主张,对失业者、哪怕是自愿性失业也要给予高额的救济金,我称之为“福利民粹主义”;另一种“民粹主义”则反对高福利,格外强调每个有劳动能力的人都应当尽力工作,主张政府法律法规、税制等等应当激励人们劳动就业,减少对国民劳动的干预,其主张相当接近“不劳动者不得食”,我称之为“劳动民粹主义”。

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