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欧盟火星登陆器飞行7个月 毁于1秒钟小失误(图)

2016-11-28 09:58:35   

原标题:欧盟火星登陆器飞行7个月后毁于1秒钟小失误

“斯基亚帕雷利”号(Schiaparelli)火星登陆器坠毁一个多月之后,欧洲空间局(ESA)11月下旬在官网上揭露了罪魁祸首:登陆器的惯性测量单元(IMU)发生了1秒钟的故障。

“斯基亚帕雷利”号登陆器是由欧洲航天局与俄罗斯航天局合作的火星探测计划ExoMars中的重要一环。10月19日,“斯基亚帕雷利”号在预定着陆火星前50秒与地面控制中心失联。此前,它已搭乘母舰“微量气体探测轨道器”(TGO)飞行了7个多月。

而随后在10月20日和11月1日,美国航天局的火星勘测轨道飞行器(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)拍摄到火星表面“斯基亚帕雷利”号原定着陆地点附近的图像,证实了“斯基亚帕雷利”号已不幸坠毁。

美国航天局的火星勘测轨道飞行器10月20号拍摄到的坠毁地点。

美国航天局的火星勘测轨道飞行器11月1号拍摄到的坠毁地点。

经过一个月多的排查分析,欧洲空间局终于找到了问题所在。按照计划,当登陆器接触到火星大气层后,它会在六分钟内完成一系列自动程序动作:打开防热罩、打开降落伞、关闭推进器,软着陆火星表面。从登陆器上恢复出来的数据显示,它的防热罩和降落伞都是按计划时间启动的,此前的最大“嫌疑犯”多普勒雷达高度计也被确定曾正常工作。

问题出检测登陆器旋转速度的惯性测量单元(IMU)上:就在打开降落伞后不久,IMU出现了1秒钟的数据溢出。这个错误的数据被传入导航系统后,计算机读出的登陆器高度为负值——也就是计算机认为登陆器已经在火星地面以下了。因此,计算机立刻启动了一系列本该在着陆后启动的程序:解除降落伞和底座、点火制动引擎、激活地面系统,而实际上,登陆器当时的高度约为3.7千米。这导致登陆器以超过300码的速度坠毁在火星表面。

“斯基亚帕雷利”号模型

这1秒钟的数据失误,葬送了欧洲人的第二次火星梦。2003年圣诞夜,由英国研制的火星登陆器“猎兔犬2”号在登陆期间失联,此后下落一直成谜。直到去年1月16日,同样是由美国航空航天局(NASA)“火星勘测轨道飞行器”拍摄到图像,“猎兔犬2”号出现在火星表面预定着陆区,主降落伞散落在附近,太阳能电池板没有完全展开。

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