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明代海盗四处劫掠 日本称其为“嘉靖大倭寇”

2016-12-27 14:04:43   李伯重

  原标题:李伯重:近代东亚国际贸易中亦商亦盗是常态

关于16世纪、17世纪中国人和西洋人在亚洲的活动,已有大量的专门研究,特别是西方殖民者对亚洲进行侵略的历史,更早已进入中学教科书,一般人也都耳熟能详,因此我就不多说了。这里我将谈三个问题:第一,在这个时期,除了中国人、葡萄牙人、西班牙人和荷兰人之外,还有什么人活动于东亚国际贸易中;第二,上述这些人在当时的东亚国际贸易中是什么样的关系;第三,这些商人与海盗有何关系。许多人对这些问题可能比较生疏,或者理解不够全面,因此有必要在这里谈谈。

东亚国际贸易中的日本人

第一,在14世纪中期至17世纪中期以前的三个世纪中,除了中国人、葡萄牙人、西班牙人和荷兰人之外,其他亚洲人如日本人、朝鲜人、琉球人、安南人、暹罗(泰国)人也程度不等地参与了东亚国际贸易。其中最重要的是日本人。日本人的海上活动自13世纪日益活跃,最为人熟知的就是“倭寇”的出现。倭寇事件首次出现于史册是在13世纪的上半叶。到了1350年以后,情况大变,不仅倭寇人数大为膨胀(1351年在朝鲜仁川附近就出现了多达130艘倭船),而且活动范围扩大到几乎整个朝鲜半岛西岸地区,有时还达到半岛东部沿岸地区。从元朝至正十八年(1358)山东出现倭寇起,到至正二十三年(1363),几乎每年都会有倭寇袭击沿海地区。到明代,倭患更甚,这已众所周知,毋庸赘叙。

明代嘉靖年间画家仇英所绘《倭寇图卷》 资料图

由于倭寇等问题,明朝政府禁止中国与日本贸易。隆庆元年(1567),明朝部分开放海禁,允许沿海一带的居民驾船到南洋从事贸易,但禁止前往日本。在这种背景下,日本商人与中国商船在中国大陆以外的地方,如琉球、台湾或东南亚各地进行第三地贸易,或通过当地居民购买中国的产品。为了购买中国产品,日本商人纷纷到东南亚各地与中国商船进行贸易,许多人因此侨居东南亚各地。17世纪初德川幕府统一日本后,实行“朱印船”制度以管理日本的海外贸易。自1603年开始,幕府签发朱印状,到1635年共颁发了三百六十道。朱印船贸易范围波及中国大陆东南沿海和台湾以及东南亚各地19个主要贸易港,每船搭载的日本商民数以百计。于是出现了许多日本人社区,被称为“日本町”。在台湾、澳门、马尼拉、阿瑜陀耶、万丹、马六甲等东亚重要贸易港,都有数以百计乃至千计的日本商人和浪人聚居。例如在澳门,万历三十八年(1610),巡按广东监察御史王以宁奏说:澳门的葡萄牙人“借口防番,收买健斗倭夷以为爪牙,亦不下二三千人”。在暹罗的阿瑜陀耶的日本人有1000~1500人。而在海外最大的日本人侨居地马尼拉,日本人最多时据说达到3000人。1635年,幕府全面禁止日本人出海后,朱印船贸易也宣告结束。幕府实行锁国政策,海外日本人也有家不能回,最后消失在所在地的土著之中。

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