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明洪武三年(1370年),朱元璋采纳谋臣建议,实施“食盐开中”新政,将实施千年之久的政府食盐专卖制度网开一面,允许民间商人向边关输送粮食换取食盐经销的许可证“盐引”,大约30斤粮食可换一份“盐引”,而且是当时质量最好、最能赚钱的淮盐引。朝廷“国退民进”,让利于民,“淮盐价贵,商多趋之”,边防军需难题一举解决,而坐享地利的陕西商人,得益最多,自此冒起。
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本文摘自:人民网,作者:谭洪安,原题:明末扬州的“商籍之争”:秦晋大贾联手大战徽帮,节选
明太祖朱元璋率义军推翻元朝后,败走漠北的蒙古残余势力仍对中原虎视眈眈,伺机反扑,西北一带少数民族离心倾向也不断增长。新兴的明帝国不得不把三分之二的财政收入花在西北边防建设上,沿长城设九个边镇以拱卫关中,保护京师,其中固原、宁夏、延绥、甘肃四镇便在陕西境内。后又设“三边总督”驻节固原(今属宁夏回族自治区,地处西安、兰州、银川三角地带中心),统率军队20余万,战马10余万匹,负责东起延绥皇甫川(陕西榆林以北)、西至嘉峪关、西南至洮岷(今甘肃南部)绵延数千里的边防区。
但边地苦寒,人烟稀少,数量庞大的边防军每年耗粮以万千石计,需布数十万匹,自内地调运费时费力,民多怨言,政府财政也不堪重负。明洪武三年(1370年),朱元璋采纳谋臣建议,实施“食盐开中”新政,将实施千年之久的政府食盐专卖制度网开一面,允许民间商人向边关输送粮食换取食盐经销的许可证“盐引”,大约30斤粮食可换一份“盐引”,而且是当时质量最好、最能赚钱的淮盐引。
朝廷“国退民进”,让利于民,“淮盐价贵,商多趋之”,边防军需难题一举解决,而坐享地利的陕西商人,得益最多,自此冒起。原来陕西八百里秦川,沃野千里,自古为中国粮食主产区。如明永乐年间(1403年~1424年)陕西官仓存粮近1100万石(明代一石约为90多公斤),足够支付驻防官军俸粮三年,万历年间(1573年~1620年)全国260个府中,按税粮多寡排名,西安府仅次于号称粮仓的松江府(今上海市一带),位列第四。如此看来,输粮换引的“食盐开中法”,等于是为陕西商人量身定做的倾斜政策了,一时间,关中产粮区的农民们掀起了进城经商、卖粮贩盐的热潮。
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