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彭德怀 资料图
本文摘自:人民网,作者:徐焰,原题:史大讲堂第二讲:国共隐蔽战线较量真相,节选
1925年孙中山在北京协和医院检查出肝癌,治不了了,死在铁狮子胡同。他一死,下面国民党内部就开始分裂了,然后右派就要求清除共产党。首先第一个暗杀矛头就指向了国民党左派领袖廖仲恺,在党部门口让凶手几枪打死了,凶手负了伤之后供出来下一步——杀共产党。这时候周恩来就明白了,不建立自己的秘密保卫机构就没有办法保卫自己。廖仲恺遇刺之后,周恩来在中共广东省委内创建了党内最早的保卫工作,1925年就建立了,但是这时候还很不健全。
1926年秋,上海筹备组织工人武装起义的时候,在工人纠察队中建立了“红队”,开始“红队”就叫红色恐怖队,后来“恐怖主义”这个词太不好听了,后来就叫“打狗队”了。“红队”主要是从苏联学习回来的,工人纠察队队长顾顺章负责,后来这家伙成了叛徒了,就由陈赓负责领导“打狗队”,消灭工人中的叛徒。
北方党组织,当年在北京的党组织,长时间习惯于公开的群众宣传,后来张作霖的奉军一进北京,就开始追捕李大钊,李大钊跑到苏联大使馆,当时在东郊民巷,结果张作霖不敢抓,后来得到各国同意之后,派军警冲进去了。把李大钊抓出来之后,北方组织遭到全面破坏。没有秘密活动的经验,生存都生存不了。
到了1927年,国民党也翻脸了,关键就是农民运动的问题。国民党大部分军官家是地主,共产党发动运动,打土豪,给他们家老太爷戴了高帽子拉出去游街,他肯定跟你翻脸,翻脸是不可避免的。最后只有用武力解决双方矛盾。1927年春天蒋介石打到南京、上海。他原来联合共产党是靠苏联给他钱,共产党发动工农运动支持他,那时候他还保持了合作,一到了上海,用不着了,有江浙财团给钱、有美英给钱,马上就翻脸了,就发动了“四一二”政变。当时周恩来有一些内秘密的内线和一些秘密保卫人员,但是很不健全。有了情报还要有分析机构,情报的分析有时候比情报的收集更重要,这时候没有分析机构,到底是真的还是假的,也搞不清楚。“四一二”政变的时候,周恩来在上海,突如其来,蒋介石抓人了,开枪了,事先都没有料到。吸收这个教训,周恩来脱险之后,党中央搬到武汉,建立了特务工作处,顾顺章为具体负责人,下辖四个股,情报股、保卫股、特务股、匪运股,中国共产党建立的情报机构,其实也叫特务,但是抗日战争中间就不能叫特务了,因为国民党把特务这个词搞臭了。当时,特科的建立对保卫中央的安全还是起到重大作用的。1927年7月份,汪精卫翻脸的时候,事先完全清楚,党中央安全成功地转移,而且开始组织武装斗争,这国民党都不知道。但是这时候破裂,虽然党中央领导人都安全转移了,下面的工农组织、群众组织转移不了,他给你镇压屠杀,损失也很大,所以以后的工作全部转入地下。
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