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曾国藩治军:毛泽东与蒋介石都推崇的治军之法

2016-09-27 15:14:35   人民网

3. 以“致人而不致于人”作为战争指导原则

曾国藩所统帅的湘军在镇压太平天国运动的过程中,其指导战争的思想核心是“致人而不致于人”,“慎战”是其基本作战方针,“以主待客,以静制动”,在战略上取攻势,在战术上取守势,是其战略战术的表现方式。

从湘军和太平军当时双方力量的对比来看,湘军的数量长期不如太平军,双方所用武器基本处在同一水平上。出于消灭太平天国的目的,在战略上必须采取攻势,由此曾国藩确定了沿长江进军直下金陵的路线。又虑于太平军数量多,并占据了武汉、安庆、金陵等要地,其主力又长于运动战,所以曾国藩认为,湘军想攻取战略要地,在战术上必须深沟厚垒,以主待客,以静制动,以逸待劳,稳扎稳打。他要求湘军在包围坚城后,不应急攻,而应先筑起围城坚垒,一方面耗尽守城军队的粮食,另一方面又以此吸引援军解围攻坚,使其“如飞蛾之扑烛,多扑几次,受创愈甚”。待敌消耗殆尽、疲惫不堪之时,再与之战,如此就能“成功愈易”。这就被称作“结硬寨打呆战”的作战方法。根据曾国藩“以主待客”、“致人而不致于人”的思想,湘军取得了一些列围城攻坚的胜利。1856年12月攻占武汉,随之占领鄂东各州、县,实现了保上游、争要地的首要一着。1854年末开始进攻九江,直至1858年春城中粮尽,守军饥饿不能力战而外援又不能至时,才以地道炸开城墙将其攻克。曾国荃于1860年率军围安庆,太平军多次施“围魏救赵”之计以解安庆围,曾国藩力主“不必分心攻城,专主坚守后壕”。湘军在安庆城外筑起了前后两道深壕厚垒,对太平军的守军和援军都不出战,围困安庆长达十多个月之久,于1861年9月攻下安庆。在攻克金陵的最后一战役中,湘军仍是采取“结硬寨打呆战”之法。1862年5月,曾国荃率湘军前锋2万人进抵金陵城下。曾国藩考虑到太平军下游的主力尚完整未损,遂指示曾国荃“以坚守坚扎为主,不必遽图进剿,不必寻贼开仗”。并要求在整体上实行攻防结合,防中有攻的原则,在兵力部署上分出攻防两支力量,“半活半呆,半剿半守,更番互换,乃能保常新之气”。所谓“活兵”,是指轻兵进剿的游击之师,以对付太平军的援军并扫清金陵外围;所谓“呆兵”,则指重兵坚守合围金陵的围城之师,专以围困金陵。为防止懈怠,攻防各营经常相互轮换,使部队士气能得以维持。金陵围困长达两年之久,直到李鸿章、左宗棠所部在苏南、浙江战场节节胜利之后,曾国荃所部的兵力日渐增多实现了全面合围,金陵城内已粮绝力尽,终于在1864年7月19日攻占金陵,镇压太平天国起义的战略方针得以全部实现。

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