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当地时间2月25日,美国国防部长卡特来到国会众议院,参加2017财年军费预算申请的听证会。这份总额5827亿美元的预算,虽然总额略低于2016财年,但预算分配上却折射三大动向。
一是以“劝阻拒止”理念为指导,重点应对新兴大国挑战。这份预算首次将俄罗斯和中国列为全球战略挑战之首,其海外应急行动预算比2016财年增长了约50亿美元,要求编列34亿美元来支持“欧洲再保证倡议”,并在中欧和东欧地区长期部署1个旅级战斗队,增加轮换部署部队、联演联训和预置装备设施,以“慑止俄罗斯侵略行为”。同时,重点加强东南亚盟国与伙伴国的海上安全能力,构建美盟一体的海上态势感知体系,并通过增加菲律宾、澳大利亚和新加坡等地区兵力部署,向日本增派F-35战斗机和“宙斯盾”驱逐舰,以及加大南海等水域的飞行、航行和作业等方式,强化前沿存在,捍卫“航行自由”。此外,美军2017财年预算还以伊朗和朝鲜威胁为借口,加紧在东欧和亚太地区构建反导体系。正如美国防部副部长罗伯特·沃克所言,“如今,我们要面对一个东山再起的俄罗斯和日益崛起的中国,这两大挑战反映出未来安全环境最为重大的转变,标志着大国竞争时代的回归……这份预算必须要为未来25年日趋激烈的大国竞争做好准备。”
二是以“抵消”战略为蓝图,全面拓展技术“代差”优势。在美国看来,其他国家在精确制导弹药、隐形技术、网络和太空等领域的进步,大大削弱了美军传统的技术优势。为此,预算在新技术研发应用方面给予了大量倾斜。在714亿美元的技术研发和1025亿美元的武器采办经费中,重点是贯彻落实第三轮“抵消”战略的基本目标,重点发展水下作战、太空战、网络战、电子战、无人作战、“情-侦-监”、特种作战以及核力量等可适用全谱军事行动、能在全球范围灵活切换的“通用化”作战能力。同时,以“战略能力办公室”为核心,不断加大军民融合力度,推进民用技术的军事转化进程,特别是优先发展微电子导航系统、“蜂群式”无人作战平台、母舰式“武库机”和电磁轨道炮等新概念武器,以牢牢掌控全球军事竞争的方向、速度和节奏。例如,美军2017财年在网络战方面投入为67亿美元;计划在“未来几年项目”中投入45亿美元,重点发展“掠食者”与“收割机”等侦打一体的无人机联合编队;太空战方面投入71亿美元,比2016财年的50亿美元增长了约40%,以强化美军“分辨、认定和消除太空威胁行动的能力”。“战略能力办公室”的研发费用投入为9.02亿美元,通过赋予商用技术和传统武器平台以新角色以及“改变游戏规则”的新能力,使其可在短期时间内实现快速部署,进而“令潜在敌人感到不知所措”。
三是以打造“未来军队”为目标,深入推进国防体制改革。预算的一大看点,是以推行“未来军队”计划为牵引,通过削减军力规模、提升管理效益、调整人事制度等方式,最终对现行国防体制进行变革。预算要求以应对“混合战争”威胁为指导,全面优化军种军力结构,打造一支“全谱”陆军,重点加强现役与预备役部队之间的无缝融合,推进部队建设重心由“平暴中心型”向“全谱多能型”转变;塑造一支“均衡”海军,重点加快推进作战装备的新老更替,计划于2024财年将舰艇总数保持在308艘左右,以实现军力结构与现实任务之间的动态平衡;建设一支“高端”空军,在维持当前规模的基础上,重点发展太空、网空等高端作战能力,并推进核武库的现代化;构建一支“远征型”陆战队,以亚太地区为重心,重点发展“陆战队空地特遣部队”等快速反应部队,以提升部队全谱战备水平。此外,美军2017财年预算还要求继续完成削减25%国防部总部机构的目标,重点消除“冗员、冗官、冗费”的“三冗”问题,以解决过去人事开支严重挤占军购、战备和作战经费的难题,同时改进武器采办制度,进而有效节约经费,优化资源配置,提高运行效率。
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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