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军报:美军大绿舰队抢占北极 新动作恐引冲突

2016-02-14 09:49:59   解放军报

当地时间1月20日,美国海军部长马伯斯和农业部长维尔萨克在圣迭戈出席了“斯托克达尔”号导弹驱逐舰的起航仪式。这是美海军首艘在常规部署中采用替代能源的主战舰艇,也是美国海军向北极地区部署的“大绿舰队”重要成员。目前,“大绿舰队”已纳入了“斯坦尼斯”号航母、“莫比尔湾”号导弹巡洋舰、“威廉·劳伦斯”号及“钟云”号导弹驱逐舰等舰艇。

“节能舰队”不单为节能

推行“从农场到舰队”计划的一个重要目的,是利用新能源提高作战效能

早在2009年10月14日,在美国举行的海洋能源论坛上,就任美国海军部长不久的马伯斯便雄心勃勃地提出,要提高美国海军、海军陆战队的能源使用效率,并建立一支不依赖石油等传统燃料的新型舰队——“大绿舰队”。

在马伯斯看来,能源是美国遍布全球庞大舰队的重要支柱,也是美海军的“软肋”所在。据美国国防部统计,海军部是联邦政府中最大的汽油燃料消耗部门,大约每天使用掉36.6万桶石油。美国海军对石油的巨大依赖,在未来战争中将成为敌人可资利用的薄弱环节,且“风险在未来数十年间将越来越大”。

因此,马伯斯呼吁美海军采取“更有利于环境、更经济”的措施,建立一支“更绿色的、完全不依赖外来石油”的海上力量。其雏形是一支航母战斗群,其中的航母和潜艇将全部采用核动力,其他水面舰艇要么使用燃气-电气混合动力,要么使用生物燃料与传统燃料合成的新型“绿色燃料”。近年来,美海军一直在进行相关技术的研发和验证。F/A-18“绿色大黄蜂”战机、MH-60S“海鹰”直升机、T-45“苍鹰”舰载教练机、MQ-8B“火力侦察兵”舰载无人直升机以及“阿利·伯克”级驱逐舰、“马金岛”号两栖攻击舰等,都曾试用相关的“绿色燃料”。

经过一段时间的技术准备后,美海军果断开启了一项“从农场到舰队”的计划。2013年12月,马伯斯和美国农业部长汤姆·维尔萨克联合发布公报称,未来3年内,美国海军将为通用原子能公司等4家企业投资2000万美元,以促进美海军舰机使用生物燃料的“采购常规化”。根据该计划,2016年起,美海军标准的JP-5航空煤油和F-76航海燃油将含有5%-50%的生物燃料。此外,马伯斯还计划到2020年时,美海军使用的所有能源(包括舰船、飞机、车辆和海岸站点)的50%都来自替代燃料或替代资源。

其实,这一计划还不仅仅是为了节约或者环保。有媒体在马伯斯提出“大绿舰队”设想时就解读说,这一计划传递出一个重要信息,即美国海军已在着手利用新能源提高海军战舰和舰载机的作战效能。据透露,生物燃料研制领域的进展,将使舰机在使用同样数量燃料的情况下,续航时间更长、速度更快、航程更远,且能因减少加油次数而省出更多时间来完成任务。美国海军部官员透露在北极部署首支“大绿舰队”消息时称,该舰队将“能走得更远、停留更久并发射更强的火力”。

以“高姿态”谋求地缘竞争优势

自称找到最适合部署到北极的作战力量,试图在军事和道义上占据制高点

“大绿舰队”设想出炉之初,即有舆论一针见血地指出,“大绿舰队”不仅为未来美海军的持续作战能力提供了新解决方案,而且因其独特的“生态环保”特点,将迅速与美国的北极政策产生密切联系。

美国长期将北极视为国家重要“安全边界”,2013年5月公布的《北极地区国家战略》宣称,美计划在北极建立永久基地。多数美国军政人士已认识到,随着全球气候变暖和北极冰雪逐年消融,连接北美洲、亚洲和欧洲顶点的北冰洋“西北航道”的战略价值将进一步凸显,不仅将大幅缩短欧亚大陆和北美之间的海上距离,其他国家的海上力量也可借此进入北冰洋地区,甚至直接开到美国家门口,大幅削减美国导弹防御系统的威力。

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