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日本3月将归还331公斤武器级钚

2016-01-06 14:45:40   章节

【环球军事报道】一则有关日本要将数百公斤可以用来制造核弹头的钚归还美国的消息,5日引发外界强烈关注。据日本媒体报道,这批钚大部分都是“武器级的”,如果用来制造核武器可以造出40-50枚核弹头,而日本一直都在用它们进行快中心临界实验。

据日本共同社5日报道,为确保核安全,日本将在3月归还美国等国提供用于研究的331公斤钚。美国能源部日前汇总了对南卡罗来纳州某国立核设施的环境评估结果,认为可以接收这批钚。

实际上,早在2014年3月,美国在海牙核安全峰会正式开幕前夕就发布消息称,美日两国在日本向美国归还高浓缩铀与武器级钚方面达成一致。在协议达成后两年,这批可以制造40枚核弹的武器级钚可能将返回主人手中。

共同社报道称,这批钚中,浓度高、可作军事用途的“武器级”钚占多数。据日本政府相关人士称,预计将在3月底前由日本船只运送到美国。3月,第4届核安全峰会将在华盛顿召开,在此前后着手运送工作旨在将归还钚的行为当成此次核安全峰会的成果。日媒称,这些钚是冷战期间由英美法提供给日本的,此前一直用于日本原子能研究开发机构的快中子临界实验装置(FCA,位于茨城县东海村)。“FCA曾将这些钚作为不与铀混合的钚燃料使用,但因输出功率较少,数量几乎没有减少。这批钚现仍由FCA保管,总量相当于40-50枚核弹头。”报道称,美国能源部负责人表示:“从安全角度出发,不便说明具体转运日期。”

为什么日本向美国归还钚引发大量关注呢?因为钚是一种十分敏感的核材料,一般根据钚-240的含量把钚材料分为武器级和反应堆级。美国在上世纪60年代曾经用不同级别的钚进行过一系列核爆炸试验,试验表明任何级别的钚都可以制造核武器。因此,钚材料一直是国际上特别关切的核扩散材料。

据专家介绍,所谓快中子临界实验装置,实际上就是快中子核反应堆(简称“快堆”)。位于茨城县东海村的实验性质快堆名为“常阳”,它始建于1970年,于1977年4月达到临界状态。1985年,日本开始兴建另一个快堆“文殊”。快堆在运行过程中,其核燃料的增殖区会产生一种比一般武器级钚纯度还好的材料——超级钚,超级钚更适合做先进核弹头。常阳堆于1977年4月开始运行,在1994年改变堆型设计,消除了增殖区。但根据有关专家估计,在改变结构前十几年的生产中,常阳堆增殖区可能已经累积了40公斤的超级钚;而文殊堆在1995年发生钠泄漏事故前可能已经生成了10公斤的超级钚,如果重新恢复运行,每年可再生产70公斤超级钚。

有专家认为,快堆利用钚铀混合氧化物作为燃料发电,在裂变过程中,其产生出的钚甚至超过所消耗的钚。换句话说,核燃料会越用越多,而且可以利用核废料生产新的核燃料钚239,显然并没有日本媒体所说的“数量几乎没有减少”那么简单。所以,外界真正关心的不是日本将归还美国多少公斤钚,而是日本通过这么多年对快堆的研究已经囤积了多少高纯度的武器级钚。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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