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中国研制组合动力飞行器 预计2030年实现应用

2016-08-08 10:03:24   科技日报

资料图:中国长征七号新型火箭

原标题:我“组合动力飞行器”预计2030年实现应用

记者从中国航天科技集团获悉,我国“组合动力飞行器”项目已经开始研制,意味着普通人进入太空的成本和门槛有望大大降低。该集团公司一院研发中心副总研究师张永介绍,未来该飞行器能够让普通旅客像坐飞机一样进入太空。

张永介绍,组合动力是一种新型动力,其基本原理是集成火箭发动机、冲压发动机、航空发动机等不同动力模式,取长补短。

据了解,组合动力飞行器在起飞时,使用在低速飞行条件下性能很高的航空涡轮发动机或吸气式火箭发动机;达到一定速度后,使用适应在大气层内高速飞行的冲压发动机。这两种发动机只能在大气层内使用,而飞行器到达临近空间,便需使用火箭发动机进入太空。一院科研人员介绍,未来的组合动力飞行器可以实现可重复的天地往返航天运输。

航天科技集团六院院长谭永华曾向科技日报记者表示,融合航空、航天动力技术的飞行器,将是航天运输实现完全可重复使用的长远发展目标。目前研究人员已提出火箭基组合动力(RBCC)、涡轮基组合动力(TBCC)等概念。随着空天融合趋势日益加剧、临近空间开发趋势日益明显,组合动力技术已成为动力研究的前沿和热点。

谭永华在介绍国际相关技术研究现状时表示,火箭技术方面,把传统一次性火箭变为可多次使用火箭所涉及的关键技术大多已经突破。

同时谭永华透露,我国在可重复使用火箭方面已有大量技术储备,初步具备开展工程研究的条件。我国新一代运载火箭所用的新型液体火箭发动机已具备一定重复使用能力。

在冲压发动机方面,据知情人士透露,我国新型冲压发动机研制取得成功,已进入实际应用阶段。

冲压发动机是在大气层内实现高超音速飞行的理想动力。其工作原理是航空器飞行时,迎面气流在通过进气道过程中将动能转变为压力能,经压缩后的空气进入燃烧室与燃料混合进行等压燃烧,生成的高温燃气在喷管中膨胀加速后排出产生推力。

张永说,与火箭要携带大量氧化剂不同,冲压发动机可以使用空气中的氧作为氧化剂,与自身携带的燃烧剂产生化学反应并产生推力,从而实现轻装上阵。

记者了解到,我国对冲压发动机的研究已开展多年。早期产品速度大约在3倍音速以下,而已经研制成功的新型冲压发动机速度可达4.5倍音速。未来的产品,速度有望达到7倍甚至10倍音速以上。

与目前担当航天运输主力的火箭相比,未来的组合动力飞行器有多项特点。除了可重复使用,它无需再苛求发射场条件,而能像飞机一样利用普通机场实现水平起降,既能降低航天活动成本,也为实现航班化奠定了基础;传统火箭“开弓没有回头箭”,而缓冲加速的组合动力飞行器遇到问题还能返回,将进一步保障载人航天活动的安全。此外,火箭飞行时加速太快,会使航天员承受超过体重数倍的负荷,组合动力飞行器通过多种发动机配合工作,可以把过载降低到普通人也能承受的范围,让乘客感觉像坐飞机一样舒适。

张永表示,我国计划用3至5年时间掌握组合动力飞行器相关关键技术,预计在2030年左右实现亚轨道应用和入轨应用。


责任编辑:张海潮
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