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美报告:中国设南海空识区有8大难题 机场太少

2016-03-07 11:44:40   环球网

资料图:南海舰队歼-11BH降落在南海某机场。

隶属于美国国会的美中经济与安全评估委员会于当地时间2日发布报告,报告题为《防空识别区最新进展:东海防空识别区落实情况,南海的未来发展与对美国的影响》,报告中表示,由于中国现在面临着空域广大,中国在南海还有以下一系列问题需要解决。

机场太少。

因为中国大陆和南海的距离很远,中国必须在南海拥有一些机场来维持中国飞机在南海执行防空识别区任务,而中国在东海的防空识别区距离中国大陆并不远,由大陆起飞的飞机就可以轻松完成东海防空识别区的任务,但南海却由于距离太远,大陆起飞的飞机实在无法覆盖整个领空。目前已知中国在西沙和南沙仅有9个岛屿上兴建了机场,而且这些机场的跑道长度足以起降战斗机。

有限的雷达设施。

在南海上空建立一个足以覆盖整个区域的雷达网对于前在防空识别区的建设以及监视能力至关重要,据2016年2月国际战略研究中心的一份报告称,中国似乎已经在华阳礁上安装了高频雷达系统,这将“提高中国在南海监测海面和空中目标的能力”。而据2015年“战略与国际研究中心”的一份报告称,中国已经在永暑礁上和永兴岛上建立了雷达设施,而且中国将会在渚碧礁和美济礁上安装雷达系统,进一步扩大其在南海的监视功能。中国可能在华阳礁、南薰礁、东门礁和赤瓜礁上继续兴建雷达设施。此外,中国的早期预警机将成为中国在南海陆基雷达系统的补充,而中国在永兴岛和永暑礁上建设的跑道长度足以起降这类预警机。

恶劣的海洋环境。

海水的腐蚀会让驻扎在南海的战机加速老化,据美国联邦航空局的研究,在海洋环境中,飞机在空气中接触海水和盐,而且比较潮湿,这样的气候和飞机在干燥的气候下相比更难操作。而且,在炎热潮湿比如在南海的气候下,飞机电气系统出现故障的可能性更大。受到海水腐蚀的影响,中国在南海部署的战机替换周期更短,这让中国不得不需要大量的飞机来保持短时间轮换的频率。而不少中国国产飞机如歼-11战机,其维护间隔本来就不长,再加上海水的侵蚀,维修间隔会更短。但是,中国可以通过定期清洗战机并修建机库来减轻海水对战机的影响。

恶劣的天气。

海岸被侵蚀不断挑战着中国为保护岛礁作出的努力。虽然中国在渚碧礁和美济礁等岛礁都构建了防治被海浪侵袭的防波堤,而且未来很可能在永暑礁上也建造类似防波堤,但台风很可能会周期性地阻碍中国船只和飞机在南海的活动。

燃料储备和运输不足。

能够让飞机在南海岛礁上扎住根的重要一步就是建造燃料储备设施。在2015年12月的一份报告中,中国政府和中石化合作在永兴岛上建设的燃油储备设施正在施工,这可以保证一些设施以及车辆和飞机能拥有足够的燃料。但是目前对该设施何时完成,并没有定论。而且这份报告并没有表示中国在其他岛礁上已经建设了燃油储备设施,此外,也并不清楚中国是否有能力输送足够数量的燃料来支持飞机的日常任务。但是据中国空军的一个报告显示,中国首次用一艘液体运输船用17天时间向岛礁区域运送了航空燃料,而这些油船可以解决中国南海岛礁上燃料的运输问题,而且永暑礁有足够深的港口来停泊这些船只。

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