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美军舰在南海"划圈":将会选择中国哪些岛礁?

2016-03-07 10:06:29   观察者网

今年3月1日,美国国防部长卡特在演说中强烈批评了中国在南海的军事部署,称““中国不应推进南海军事化……特定行为将产生特定的后果。”此番言论呼应了近几年来美国在南海愈加频繁的干涉行动。实际上,早在去年11月3日美“拉森”号驱逐舰驶入南沙群岛的渚碧礁12海里区域之后,美国防部官员就表示,美军计划每季度在南海“人造岛礁”12海里内巡航两次,以“提醒中国和其他国家尊重美国在国际法下的权益”。随后在今年1月30日,美“柯蒂斯·威尔伯”号驱逐舰就在未通知中方的情况下,进入西沙群岛的中建岛12海里区域内。这两次行动虽然在性质上并不相同,但同属于美国干涉其他国家海上权益争端的一个项目——“航行自由项目”(Freedom of Navigation Program,以下简称FON项目)。

“航行自由项目”是美国基于《联合国海洋法公约》和相关国际习惯法而实施的“法律”行动(然而值得一提的是,美国国会尚未批准该公约)。在该项目下,军舰巡航的目标岛屿是经过“精心”挑选的,巡航方式也是经过仔细斟酌的。渚碧礁事件和中建岛事件,代表了美国巡航南海的两个典型案例。对它们进行的分析使我们可以预测,美国在未来一年内将可能在南海的哪些岛礁继续“划圈”,而面对美国的行动中国有哪些可行的选项。

“航行自由项目”:霸权主义的“执法”

“航行自由项目”是美国国务院、国防部和一线部队等多部门联合执行的行动计划。该计划有着详细而完整的标准和程序,只要政府高层决定就可以按照程序启动。FON项目的文件于1982年由里根政府签署并实施,并在之后的实践中逐步完善。根据美国国务院已经公开的文件,美国实施该计划旨在在全球范围应对六大类“不符合《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称公约)”的所谓“过度海洋主张”(excessive maritime claim),即反制沿海各国对海洋的“过度利益诉求”。这六大类包括:

1、不被美国所承认的历史性海湾/历史性水域的宣称;

2、领海基线的划分不符合反映在公约中的国际习惯法;

3、对于军用舰船、潜艇、飞机经领海的无害通过予以禁止或施加限制,且不符合反映在公约中的国际习惯法;

4、领海宣称超过12海里;

5、将权力延伸超过12海里的行为,例如设置安全区等,目的是限制与资源开发无关的公海航行自由;

6、群岛水域限制相关水道同行自由的行为,以及其他行为等。

美国第49号国家安全指令,1992年

FON项目实施的基本程序包括:一方面,由美国务院进行的外交抗议,并与所谓的“过度声索国”进行磋商以达成相互谅解的立场;另一方面,由美国务院和国防部合作,国防部在列好的目标名单中选择,然后下令一线部队执行的军事宣示行动。一线部队采取相关文件、手册或备忘录的规定,以特定的行动达成国务院和国防部设想的外交效果,例如以常规状态通过某一水域等。全部的程序步骤结束之后,美国防部会向国会提交报告,并由国务院公布每一年度的实施情况。由此可见,FON项目是典型的“世界警察”“执法”活动,美国宣称为维护《联合国海洋法公约》所确定的准则而“尽心尽力”。

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