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学者称主张南沙主权要有底气

2016-01-12 10:32:40   环球网

主张南沙主权,民众要有底气

刘 锋

南海问题近年不断升温,围绕南沙岛礁主权的争议愈演愈烈。平心而论,绝大多数中国民众对南沙群岛主权属于中国坚信不疑,但随着社会资讯的发达和民众参与的深入,某些“明眼人”似乎有了疑问。比如有的人犯嘀咕:从地图上看,南沙群岛距中国大陆蛮远,离周边国家倒很近,基本就在别国的家门口。这时候还说那是中国无可争辩的固有领土,总让人不那么理直气壮。还有人不无忧心地说,国际法规定岛礁领土连续被占50年后,主权就归占领者了。这类似是而非的观点不一而足,有必要予以澄清和纠正。

诚然,远近亲疏是老百姓立身处世的惯常判断,以远近论“权属”自然成为人们的朴素看法,“近水楼台先得月”之说就是例证。但这种所谓的“地理邻近论”在国际法和相关司法实践上并无依据。世界很多国家都有距本土遥远而离别国更近的领土或“飞地”,例如澳大利亚的圣诞岛远距澳洲本土1400多海里,而距印尼海岸仅270海里;法国的圣皮埃尔和密克隆群岛横跨大西洋距加拿大纽芬兰岛海岸最近不到14海里;英国的海峡群岛地处法国海岸附近,最近距离不到12海里,等等。但上述国家均相安无事,更未就此对簿公堂。可见,菲律宾政府所谓黄岩岛、南沙群岛离菲律宾更近因此主权理应归它的说法,完全是豪夺强取之辞。国际上根本不存在以地域远近确定主权归属的通行准则,如果按菲律宾的逻辑来主张领土主权而不顾及历史与现实状况,整个世界版图岂不都要改头换面么?南沙岛礁主权问题事关重大,需要我们的民众予以全面和理性认识,不能“想当然”地落入“菲式”逻辑。

自上世纪60年代末70年代初以来,菲律宾等国大肆侵占我国南沙岛礁,有的迄今已接近50年。于是有人提到南沙一些岛礁被非法侵占逾50年后主权就会自动“让渡”的问题,其实这种担心大可不必,因为国际法上对此并无明确条款。根据传统国际法,取得领土的方式包括先占、时效、添附、割让和征服。其中的时效方式是指一国在相当长时期内不受干扰地占有他国某块土地进而取得该土地的主权。仅按字面要求来看,菲律宾等国就都不具备通过时效方式把南沙非法侵占所得“合法化”的条件。更何况,因涉及非法占有和确定时效的期限等争议性问题,时效原则缺乏普遍适用意义,不为现代国际法接受。虽然时间的推移可能增加我国解决上述问题的难度,但那绝不意味着菲律宾等国可以借此洗刷掉侵占我国南沙岛礁的“原罪”。

千百年来,我们的渔民就是在南海这片“祖宗之海”战天斗地、耕海牧渔,把岛礁当成生产生活的“根据地”和“责任田”。这从一个侧面证明了我国对南海诸岛主权拥有充分详实的历史和法理依据。

问题在于,我国长期面临南海“长条桌效应”带来的现实短板。我们地处南海这个“长条桌”的北端,菲越则处在比较有利的中间位置,这使过去我国对南沙的实际管控鞭长莫及,对手却借近水楼台之便抢岛占礁、大肆渔利。但随着近年来我国南沙驻守岛礁的扩建,过去在维权方面面临的那种“形格势禁”的困境将得到根本性扭转。当此之时,我们从上到下在主张南沙岛礁主权方面就更应理直气壮、更要敢于亮剑。▲(作者是中国海洋问题学者)

责任编辑:张海潮
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