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中国运-20和欧洲A400M比以大欺小 但多项指标落后

2014-07-15 10:04:14   环球网

【环球军事报道】作为世界第二大航展,范堡罗航展可谓是航空和国防工业的盛会,今年的范堡罗航展也不例外。除了炫目的飞行表演和惊艳的战斗机,身形庞大的客机和运输机也是航展上一道亮丽的风景。在本届范堡罗航展上,在民用航空市场上竞争得不可开交的空客A380和波音787将继续争妍斗艳,而空客公司参展的另外一个庞然大物——A400M军用运输机则显得比较低调。

A400M运输机是欧洲多个国家联合设计、研制和生产的新一代军用运输机,也是迄今为止欧洲最大的一个军事合作项目。欧洲的北约成员国普遍装备了美国C-130“大力神”运输机。但是随着时间的推移,C-130逐渐跟不上现代战争的要求,世界战术运输机市场存在巨大缺口,空客A400M看准时机,应运而生。A400M运输机安装了4台功率强大的涡轮螺旋桨发动机,再加上优秀的气动设计,A400M的巡航速度高达0.68~0.72马赫,与安装了涡扇发动机的大型运输机相比速度也慢不了多少。

作为一种战术运输机,A400M运输机能够在跑道较短、条件较差的野战机场上起降。A400M运输机采用“宽体化”货舱设计,使其装载能力非常出色,在运载大型装备时,货舱内可以前后串列安放2架“阿帕奇”或1架“超美洲豹”直升机,装运装甲车辆等装备时可以装运1门M109A6自行榴弹炮或装运3辆M113装甲输送车;运送兵员时可乘载120名全副武装的士兵或伞兵;在执行战场救护任务时,该机可同时运送66副担架和10名医务人员。而且根据不同的任务需要,货舱内部只需要一人就能在很短时间内就完成改装,安排最佳的货物装运固定方案。在世界各国所有型号的运输机中,只有A400M和美国C-17才配备有这种高度自动化的货舱载荷管理系统。

谈起大型运输机,中国的航空爱好者们难免会联想到中国的运-20,并将其与A400M进行比较。单从尺寸和运载重量来看,拿中国运-20与欧洲A400M进行比较有点以大欺小了。但是A400M得益于先进的机体设计、发动机和自动化设备,即便是在航速和航程等硬性指标上,A400M也不逊于运-20。从发动机上看,运-20采用4台俄罗斯D-30KP-2涡扇发动机;A400M采用的是TP400-D6涡轮螺旋桨发动机,而且可以进行空中加油,在这些大型喷气式运输机本该有优势的方面,运-20却没有明显的优势。在机载设备上,运-20仍处于试飞阶段,机载设备还不完善;A400M的机载防卫系统、机组成员装甲防护装置、防弹玻璃窗、引擎耗尽红外减失技术、燃油系统中惰性气体燃爆和点火延迟技术等,这些是非常值得运-20借鉴的。

然而从发展前景来看,我国军方急需的各类大型特种飞机,运-20的出现是非常必要的,将来可以作为飞行平台而改造成预警机、加油机等,甚至可能会以运-20为基础形成国产大型军用机群;而A400M一开始就是作为战术运输机设计的,改造潜力相对有限,且欧洲不像美国那样拥有众多作战需求,所以最终可能远不如其前辈C-130一样型号繁多。从使用需求来看,运-20运载量仍然不如美国C-17,中国未来可能会需要一种运载量更大的战略运输机;而A400M作为一种战术运输机,已经能够满足欧洲各国当前和未来一段时间内的需要了。

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