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海盗3000年的抢劫史:有时为商 有时为盗(图)

2018-03-22 09:55:17   

在9世纪,阿拉伯海盗让地中海居民人心惶惶。在法国南部和意大利北部分布着阿拉伯的海盗天堂。846年,阿拉伯海盗袭击了罗马,摧毁了梵蒂冈。在14世纪,因为阿拉伯海盗的袭扰,威尼斯公爵请求威尼斯舰队时刻保持警备。

在5世纪到6世纪,斯拉夫人入侵巴尔干半岛,其中一支重新恢复了伊利里亚人的海盗传统,让亚得里亚海不得安宁。在公元9世纪,这些斯拉夫海盗跟威尼斯海军掐得很厉害,同时也跟阿拉伯人发生冲突。870年他们绑架了罗马教皇的使者,罗马教皇对他们进行军事打击,最终让他们皈依基督教。

公元937年,爱尔兰海盗和苏格兰海盗、维京海盗、皮克特海盗、威尔士海盗一起进攻英格兰,被当时的英格兰国王阿瑟尔斯坦(Athelstan)打回老家。

古代海盗时而是商人,时而又是抢劫者或者绑匪,有时还是雇佣兵。其中最有名的,是居住在乌克兰地区的哥萨克。哥萨克不但在陆上横行,也在海上发威。1625年,哥萨克曾经劫掠伊斯坦布尔外围,吓得当时的土耳其苏丹逃出宫殿。

4锁国令有时为商,有时为盗

厦门大学台湾研究中心主任林仁川介绍说,16-17世纪明朝中叶时期,中国东南沿海就是一个海盗的世界。这里有中国海盗、日本海盗、葡萄牙海盗、西班牙海盗、荷兰海盗等等。那时商、盗没有明确的划分,有生意做的时候就是商,没生意做的时候就是盗。他们有时候互相抢,有时候就上岸抢。

当海禁宽时,海盗就变成海商;当海禁严时,海商就变成海盗。因为明朝的海禁很严,中国海上商业资本没有出路,所以就只能去做海盗,林仁川说,他更倾向于把这些海盗称为“海商集团”。这些海盗(商)集团的势力很大,甚至可以左右明朝政治、军事局势。

林仁川认为,所谓的“倭寇”,其实是在中国海盗集团指挥下的日本海盗。这些中国海盗集团以王直集团最为著名。明嘉靖三十五年(1556年),王直派人传话给明朝政府,表示愿意听从命令,协助剿除松江各处流民,并希望以此换得明政府开放沿海贸易的许诺。

郑成功的父亲郑芝龙就是中国海盗(商)集团的头子,他假意投降明朝,其实是为了消灭其他的海盗团伙,称霸中国沿海。郑芝龙的手下达到10万人,是当时世界海盗中的“巨无霸”。后来郑成功从荷兰人手里夺取台湾岛作为反清基地的主力就是郑芝龙的海盗集团。

林仁川认为,明朝中叶的中国海盗和现在的海盗不一样,他们代表着商业的新兴力量。很可惜,这些商业力量并不成熟,郑氏集团到达台湾之后并没有继续发展商业,而是把金钱换成了土地,错过了建立海上商贸帝国的时机。

海盗也有“国营”的

在英语里,除了“海盗”(Pirate)这个词语,还有个和它很像的词叫“私掠船”,也叫“官方海盗”(Rrivateers)。他们其实就是被政府招安的海盗,政府给一些海盗船发“证书”,允许他们抢劫敌对国家的船只。美国1787年宪法就曾专门规定国会有权给私掠船颁发“证书”。

但是私掠船员被抓住后是被当做“有证书”的敌对方战俘对待,还是当做普通海盗对待,往往还要看是谁抓住了他们,以及他们攻击的目标是什么。西班牙人就经常把脖子上挂着“证书”的私掠船员当做普通海盗处决。

西班牙人也不是吃素的,他们雇佣北非巴巴里人(Barbary)和马耳他人袭击英国船只,从1609年到1616年,英国损失了466艘商船。

在17世纪到18世纪的欧洲战场,私掠船是海军的重要辅助力量。在1701年到1704年的西班牙继位战争中,当时因为担心法国通过操纵西班牙继承人而使两国合并,英国等国和法国开战,战争中英国损失了3250艘商船,而法国损失了3434艘商船,其中很大一部分都要“归功”于私掠船。

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