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新京报:设生育基金制度 这主意太“馊”

2018-08-18 07:27:49   新京报 

原标题:设生育基金制度,这主意太“馊”

■观察家

与其考虑设生育基金制度,不如考虑完善国家儿童监护制度,更有力地减轻民众生育成本。

近日,有媒体发表了《提高生育率:新时代中国人口发展的新任务》的专家署名文章,引发广泛关注。其吸睛的点,不仅在于“立刻全面放开生育”的呼吁,更在于“设立生育基金制度”的建议。

针对未来“我国人口出生率面临断崖式下跌”的形势,该文章为提高生育率开出了药方——“可规定40岁以下公民不论男女,每年必须以工资的一定比例缴纳生育基金,并进入个人账户。家庭在生育第二胎及以上时,可申请取出生育基金并领取生育补贴,用于补偿妇女及其家庭在生育期中断劳动而造成的短期收入损失。如公民未生育二孩,账户资金则待退休时再行取出。”一时间,网上吐槽的声音如潮般汹涌。

以前生二孩要交社会抚养费,这笔费用去向长期被质疑为“收得爽快,用得糊涂”,但好歹是二孩家庭自己承担自己的社会抚养费。现在该专家建议,40岁之前要缴纳生育基金,不生二孩不能领取,这其实就是要为其他人生二孩交社会抚养费。公众的疑问难免随之而来:别人生孩子,关我什么事?

这显然不是鼓励生育的正确方式。鼓励靠的是因势利导,而不应是用收费的方式催逼。而要因势利导,就该从减轻民众生育成本上下工夫,而不是变相增加其负担。有些专家提出的提高适龄夫妻生育意愿建议,是非奖即罚,这就是成本转嫁给民众的思维。缴纳生育基金,实际上就是对不生二孩的家庭的变相“罚款”。

与其考虑设生育基金制度,不如考虑完善国家儿童监护制度,由国家承担孩子从出生到成年的部分教育、医疗费甚至基本生活费用。

在放开二孩政策后,我国出生人口并没有如有关专家预测的那样呈井喷之势。有个重要原因就是,我国社会的传统生育观——“多子多福”、“养儿防老”,已经变了。而生育观的转变,与生育成本有直接关系。现在无论是城市还是农村家庭,都面临不小的生育成本压力——生孩子不是只把孩子生出来,还必须养育甚至“优养”。

要鼓励适龄夫妻生育孩子,需要让国家替家庭承担更多生育成本。在发达国家,具体的制度就体现在国家儿童监护制度上:在加拿大,孩子一出生,就会领取政府每月300加币的牛奶金,孩子成年之前的教育费用、医疗费用由国家承担。该制度不但意在减轻家庭生育成本,还旨在切实保障未成年人的权利,让剥夺未尽到监护职责的父母监护人资格没什么障碍。

从现实国情出发,我国要一步到位实施国家儿童监护制度,困难不小。但不妨借鉴“他山之石”,减轻所有家庭的教育和医疗费用支出负担,并对贫困家庭孩子率先实行生活补贴。在教育方面,可考虑将一年学前教育纳入义务教育等。

鼓励生育,应先尊重民众选择生育与否的权利,再多些人性化方式引导。也只有国家和社会层面多为家庭生育分忧,才是提升生育意愿的正道。

□熊丙奇(教育学者)

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