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中国科考船深海捞出多金属结核 数百万年才长一厘米

2017-09-21 14:00:39   科技日报

数百万年才“长”一厘米

“东太平洋是世界上多金属结核富集量最多,开采前景最优的地方,我们脚下的克拉里昂—克利珀顿断裂区,粗略估算结核资源量有700亿吨。”马维林介绍,全球大洋多金属结核资源总量约3万亿吨,其中,太平洋约有1.7万亿吨,大西洋和印度洋也都有结核身影的出现。

这些宝贵的海底矿藏究竟是怎样形成的?记者采访中了解到,虽然目前多金属结核的成因众说纷纭,但主流的观点有两种:一是水成作用,金属成分缓慢从海水中析出,经氧化沉淀形成结核体;二是成岩作用,由沉积物中活化迁移的金属元素重新在沉积物/水界面氧化析出,形成结核。此外,还有热液成因和生物成因等。

当然,这些未解之谜还有待科学的进一步探索。可以肯定的是,潜藏于深海的多金属结核,“成长”之路相当漫长。

“多金属结核的‘成长’,有点像树的生长年轮,围绕着核心,经历漫长的时代最终长成一个同心圈层逐次包裹的结核体,其过程往往长达上百万年至数千万年。”马维林说,结核的生长极其缓慢,数百万年才增长1厘米左右。

商业化开采尚需时日

多金属结核中所含的铜、钴、镍,均是我国稀缺的金属资源,国内同种金属的资源储量远远不能满足经济发展的需求,严重依赖进口。科学合理地开发利用这些深海宝藏,对增强我国的战略资源保障能力和维护国际海域权益意义重大。

“我们现在所要做的是,逐步查清东太平洋多金属结核合同区内的资源分布和富集情况,为将来的试采工作进行科学上的‘踩点’。”马维林说,依据连续剖面的海底摄像照相观察、多波束回波信号探测和箱式取样验证等科学手段,可以综合研判区内结核的矿体展布,提高资源评估的可信度和准确率。在前期普查工作的基础上,科考队正在紧锣密鼓地对新的勘探区进行加密调查,以期进一步圈定结核矿体,为未来资源试采和矿区开采做好前期准备。

那么,多金属结核开采利用何时到来?马维林直言,多金属结核的商业化开采还需时日,“开发深海矿要比陆地矿代价更高,商业开发时机还不成熟,陆地上的同类矿产存储量还没紧缺到要国际社会向深海迈步的程度”。

此外,深海采矿对海洋环境的影响究竟有多大?马维林坦言,目前,确切地说我们的了解还不是很透彻。为此,科考队开展生物、化学、水文、地质和地球物理等多学科综合调查,深入了解合同区的环境“本底”,为将来的多金属结核试采和相应的环境影响评估做好准备。

值得注意的是,国际上对于多金属结核的开采技术研究同样处在试采探索阶段。日本曾在北太平洋水深2200m的Marcus-Wake海山上进行过多金属结核的采矿试验并取得成功。

据国家海洋局中国大洋协会办公室主任刘峰透露,“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目——深海多金属结核采矿试验工程项目已经启动。该项目通过深海多金属结核开采关键技术的研究,在5年内研制3500米级深海采矿试验系统,完成不小于1000米水深的海上整体联动试验,开展深海采矿环境影响研究,建立环境影响评价模型,初步构建具有国际先进水平的深海采矿技术体系。

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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