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中国在世界最大风口修桥 海域复杂惊诧七位院士

2017-08-25 07:32:05   科技日报

建桥墩海底“小板凳”扩展成施工平台

大桥穿越的岛屿两侧海床几乎全是坚硬的岩石,建立栈桥及钻孔平台极其困难。

桥址处风大、水深、浪高、暗礁多,施工条件恶劣。中铁大桥局四标段二分部承担的北东口水道桥B39—B58段,是全桥最难啃的硬骨头。

2014年3月24日,中铁大桥局项目部选择了具有代表性的无覆盖层且海床为花岗岩的B49号墩进行试桩,这是第一次进行基础施工的探索。

中铁大桥局副总工程师、平潭海峡公铁两用大桥项目部总工程师张立超记忆犹新:“当时是夜里4点多,经过努力第一根桩看起来站稳了,可天亮时发现,立好的桩又不见了。”原来,由于海底花岗岩的强度像钢铁一样坚硬,当钢管桩桩头打进岩床1米深左右时,被挤压致严重变形。

“一根筷子立不住,那做成4条腿的板凳呢?”新的方案在经过专家论证后,张立超所在的技术攻关小组开始了没日没夜的测算、画图、修改、复核。

时间一晃就是几个月。新的办法是,根据海底岩面地形定制4根长短不一的钢管桩,用打桩船将钢管桩放到预定位置,快速联结,形成一个临时“板凳”。接着,下放预制的圆柱形钢筋笼,并灌注混凝土,让钢管桩“黏”在海底岩石上。以此“小板凳”为起始小平台,再向外扩展为7人足球场大小的施工平台。桩基施工的瓶颈自此打通了。

这项海底裸岩上的“搭板凳”技术被称为“深水裸岩区埋植式海上平台”,为国内首创,既加快了建桥速度,又降低了桥梁建设成本。

如今,一个个桥墩已矗立在海面上,最难的水下施工难题已被征服。大桥局项目党工委书记赵进文统计,全桥共169个墩,目前已完成137个桥墩。

架桥梁大力士起重船完成整孔架设

夏有台风,冬有季风,一年刮6级以上大风的日子达到330天。

“鉴于桥址区域恶劣的建设环境,建造钢桁梁桥、采用传统的散件安装方式已不能满足要求。”中铁大桥局平潭海峡公铁两用大桥项目部副总工程师王东辉说,为降低施工安全风险、提高施工工效,工厂化、大型化、整孔架设安装成为必然选择。

但如何将重达1350吨,重量相当于337头大象的钢桁梁在这种恶劣环境下吊装,成为施工中巨大的挑战。

针对这一难题和通航的考虑,中铁大桥局历时3年、耗资3.4亿专门为此桥打造了架梁“神器”——“大桥海鸥号”。这是一艘自航双臂架变幅式起重船,起重能力达3600吨——相当于900头成年大象的体重,主钩起升高度达110米——相当于39层楼高,是国内起重量最大、起升高度最高的双臂架起重船。

其起重机采用变幅式双臂架结构,能更好地满足桥梁吊装施工的特点,减小桥梁吊装吊具结构,从而提高桥梁吊装的有效高度。

平潭海峡公铁两用跨海大桥全桥34孔80米、8孔88米钢桁梁均为工厂整孔全焊制造、海上运输、整孔架设。“此次钢桁梁整孔吊装在国内尚属首例,施工工艺难度极大。”张红心介绍,采用起重船整孔吊装架设,是国内钢桁梁斜拉桥主梁架设技术的又一突破,实现了钢桁梁桥梁架设施工由单片架设到整节间架设再到整孔架设的一个飞跃。

目前正值施工高峰,大约有5000多人在16公里长的作业线上全线铺开。海上还搭建起59000平方米的钢平台,相当于8个足球场大小,平台上有办公区、生活区、钢筋加工厂、海水淡化厂,600多人在平台上生产生活。

七位院士在他们的研究报告中指出:“平潭海峡公铁两用大桥,是我国在跨海峡大型公铁两用桥梁建设的首次探索,作为国内首座跨海峡公铁两用大桥,对我国海洋桥梁技术发展具有极其重要的意义。”

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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