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长征七号遥二运载火箭与天舟一号货运飞船组合体垂直转运完毕(图片来源于中新网)
开展空间科学实验
天舟一号上总共搭载了40台设备,在独自飞行的三个月内,要进行13项太空试验。空间应用系统将在天舟一号上开展多项科学实验研究及技术验证试验,其中的“非牛顿引力实验检验的关键技术验证”获得的试验结果将为我国“卫星重力测量”、“空间引力波探测”等空间计划提供重要支撑;“主动隔振关键技术验证”将为空间站高微重力实验平台研制奠定技术基础;“两相系统实验平台关键技术研究”将在欧空局相关项目之前实施,有望使我国在此领域率先获得科学成果和实验技术的突破;“微重力对细胞增殖和分化影响研究”项目研究微重力等环境对干细胞增殖分化、生殖细胞分化及骨组织细胞结构功能的影响,成果有望应用于心脏、肝脏疾病的治疗、器官移植、生殖健康,以及预防和治疗骨质变化疾病等方面。
实现太空“加油”
天舟一号将与天宫二号将首次实施推进剂在轨补加。为什么天宫一号不需要“太空加油”,天宫二号需要“加油”呢?相比于天宫一号而言,天宫二号进行了大批量的空间应用试验,航天员在轨的时间也长了一倍,但天宫二号的重量却和天宫一号相同,因此就需要给力的天舟一号货运飞船为天宫二号实施“太空加油”。
“太空加油”看似简单,却是公认的世界性难题,目前掌握了在轨推进剂补加技术的国家仅有俄罗斯和美国,其中真正应用在轨加注的国家只有俄罗斯。另外欧空局、日本等国家也在这个领域进行着积极的探索,国际竞争非常激烈。因为太空航天器在轨运行期间,需要消耗推进剂来维持轨道和姿态,但航天器发射时所携带的推进剂的量是一定的,推进剂消耗完毕,就意味着航天器寿命的终结,必须通过不断给空间站提供推进剂,维持空间站长期运行。
因此中国要建造空间站,必须要掌握这项关键技术。天舟一号作为我国全新设计的货运飞船,拥有两个独立设计的推进剂储箱,不仅为天宫二号携带一箱推进剂,用于自身控制的推进剂也可以进行“转让”,推进剂补加能力约为2吨。在飞行中将多次开展补加推进剂试验,熟练掌握和控制该项技术,为我国空间站的建立提供能源支持。
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