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自杀列中国青壮年死因首位 大学生自杀频发谁担责?

2017-04-23 07:23:17   法制日报

重庆工商大学文学与新闻学院2014级赵姓同学在寝室内自杀身亡后,网络曾有传言死者生前存在考试作弊被抓情况,学校经核实后进行了辟谣。在赵同学死后,其家属因丧女之痛采取了情绪化行为,拉着写有“还我女儿”字样的白布黑字横幅聚在学校门前讨要说法。面对家属的情绪化行为,学校仍本着人道主义原则,合法合理合情地帮助家属处理善后事宜。

那么,自杀学生家属到学校“闹事”扰乱教学秩序,是否要承担责任?对此,西南政法大学法学院副教授陈世伟表示,自杀学生的近亲属或者其他亲属到学校“闹事”,并不无法律根据。但是,毕竟关系生命的逝去,学校应当尽最大努力与自杀学生近亲属或者其他亲属沟通。当然,如果近亲属或者其他亲属聚众严重扰乱教学秩序,后果特别严重的,也可能涉嫌犯罪。

自杀预防,关注和教育是关键

记者了解到,虽然不是所有的自杀都可防止,但是大多数自杀是可以预防的。

吴明霞介绍,自杀存在3个阶段的发展过程,分为动机或意念形成阶段,矛盾冲突阶段和行为选择阶段,自杀预防的最佳阶段是自杀形成的前期阶段。

自杀预防要做到关注观察关心,要周边的人多一些对人本身的关切。在自杀者面对负面生活事件或抑郁,开始进入动机或意念形成阶段,自杀者通常会表现出与平时的差异。这种变化差异会体现在饮食和睡眠情况改变,个人卫生状况变化等方面,个人情况的变化一般意味着内心的变化,这时需要身边的人多加以关心。

处于矛盾冲突阶段的人一般会和其他人进行讨论,会较为明显地表现出自杀倾向,是最容易发现的阶段。自杀后期的人,因为其已经决定了自杀,放下了压力,整个人变得平和,状态反而会变好,会做出一些类似告别的行为。

吴明霞以诗人海子为例向记者解释,海子的《面朝大海春暖花开》就是处于第三阶段时写下的作品,他当时已进入平和的心态,已经想开了,收获了不冲突的幸福,所以有了幸福的闪电的描述,这是一首诀别诗。第三阶段的人会开始掩饰自己自杀的意图,开始寻找自杀的工具和方法,这时会很难发现并改变。

除了从个人角度出发进行预防,学校和社会也应该做出相应的预防措施。袁琳称,高校应该加强心理健康教育,虽然一直在呼吁,但是力度始终还是不太够。袁琳建议,可以将心理健康课程还有生命教育课程作为学生的必修课,对提高学生心理健康水平很有意义。

记者了解到,各个高校虽都设有心理咨询室,但存在着人力资源不够等问题。加强辅导员对学生心理健康的关注,建立相应的心理辅导团队,开展心理健康教育讲座等方式都将有利于高校的心理健康教育发展。高校除了加强心理健康教育,建立合理的预防机制也必不可少,有关专家曾提出学校可建立3级预防,包括积极治疗相关疾病,宣传相关知识,提高学生心理健康素质;对自杀高危人群进行危机干预,帮助其摆脱困境,打消自杀念头;采取措施防止自杀未遂者再次自杀。

袁琳认为,大学生自杀现象涉及到很多方面,不只是单纯的家庭、学校的问题,整个社会的价值观,社会的导向都存在影响,减少大学生自杀需要的是社会各方的共同努力。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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