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黄河落天走东海 万里写入胸怀间——忆费孝通先生

2017-01-22 16:04:56   学习时报

1957年的二访开弦弓村,费孝通敏锐地发现解放后虽然粮食大幅度增产,但农民反而吃不饱饭的怪现象,经过细致的社会调查,认为问题出在片面地以粮为纲的政策导向上,破坏了传统的农工互补的经济结构,工副业的萎缩直接导致农民的贫困,他开始在报刊上为恢复乡村工副业生产而鼓与呼,可惜在《新观察》杂志上的连载文章尚未发完,费孝通就被错划为右派分子,开始他沉寂20年的艰难岁月。即使是在干校的艰苦环境中,费孝通与当地农民也结成亲密的朋友关系,甚至以60岁高龄还下大田学种棉花。这段生活经历,也使他对社会与人的关系有了更深的认识,从旁观者变成了亲历者,萌发了社会人类学关于心态研究的思考。
1981年费孝通三访开弦弓村,当地的人均收入已经接近300块,在当时是很了不起的成就。副业发展起来后,老百姓有钱了,多种经营又焕发了农村的活力,看到自己当初提出的“农工相辅”得到了应验,他非常高兴。以后又将开弦弓作为标本,追踪调查26次,而且从村到镇,提出了“小城镇,大问题”,从镇到全国一盘棋,将城乡关系和边区开发,看作做活中国人口这盘棋的“两个眼”,沿着城乡和边区两个路径,不断进行类型加比较的调查研究。他及时总结各地发展经验,总结出“苏南模式”“珠江模式”“温州模式”等多种发展类型,为各地经济社会发展“出主意,想办法”。费孝通跑遍了中国大陆除西藏以外的各个省区,总结各地农村发展经验,提出“无农不稳,无工不富,无商不活,无才不兴”。他谈得最多的是如何富民,思考最多的是中国发展的现实道路。
富裕之后怎么办
乡镇企业大发展,大大推进了中国工业化和城镇化进程,到上世纪90年代之后乡镇企业出现转制转型,形成了私营个体经济大发展和多种所有制共同繁荣。费孝通又将思路上升到区域合作发展的新模式上,他在1987年提出黄河上游多民族开发区的设想,主要是甘肃的临夏和青海的海东两个地方跨地区合作。90年代初他向中央建议搞长三角开发区,以上海为龙头、江浙为两翼,带动整个长江流域发展。费孝通在珠江模式追踪研究的基础上,提出珠三角模式和南岭协作区的整体扩大,与东南亚经济发展联系在一起,这一倡议得到国家领导人的高度重视。又几乎同时提出黄河三角洲开发,在天津几次强调港口与腹地的关系,对沿渤海湾开发和港口建设专门向中央提建议。
他不仅重视内地农村的发展问题,也一直关注边疆少数民族的发展问题。改革开放后他又四上广西金秀大瑶山,提出要因地制宜发展民族经济,民族区域自治不是“画地为牢”,必须大力宣传和贯彻党的民族政策,民族团结首先是经济上的共同发展。他最早提出边区开发的构想,主张“以东支西,以西资东;互惠互利、共同繁荣”,为新世纪党中央提出的“西部大开发”战略鸣锣开道。根据在内蒙古等地的调查,他提出了要防止自然生态和人文生态的“两个失调”,较早提出了人和自然相和谐的问题,从包头钢铁厂“既要包钢也要包人”,提出打破“围墙经济”以及推动国企改革的思路。从鄂温克、赫哲等少数民族的发展困境,提出发挥各少数民族传统产业优势,促进当地整体发展,重点关注和推动人口较少民族的发展问题,得到国家的高度重视。
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