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1907年法国汉学家沙畹摄“昭陵六骏”(图片和图说均来源自网络)
在美国法律中,“盗窃不转移所有权”一直是普通法律中的一项重要原则。在1969年“门泽尔诉李斯特案”中,法院认为纳粹组织对文化财产的盗窃行为不能转移所有权,被盗文化财产应返还原所有人。1989年“塞浦路斯东正教会诉戈德伯格案”中,法院同样判决原属于塞浦路斯东正教会的被劫掠文化财产应当返还。这两个判例都说明了,对被盗文化财产的转移、进出口和交易,并不能改变文化财产的所有权;而且,文化财产的购买者应当尽最大的善意,尽可能对文化财产的产地、来源和交易情况进行核实。
同时,我们发现美国博物馆界正在通过伦理守则规范收藏行为,加强对文化财产原产国和原所有人权利的保护。比如,美国博物馆协会《博物馆伦理守则》规定,博物馆必须“合法、无法律负担地”持有收藏品;美国博物馆协会所颁布的《考古材料与古代艺术品获取指南》中明确指出,对于1970年之前收藏的艺术品,除非能够证明是通过“适当的现代手段”发现的,否则博物馆不得收藏。博物馆应以尊重和努力的态度解决和处理对于文物和考古材料所有权的争端。无论是基于伦理还是法律上的考虑,都应按个别情况商议处理。博物馆亦应设法通过自愿商议或第三方介入的方式解决索赔问题。显然,美国的所有博物馆都应遵守美国博物馆协会所颁布的上述要求。

“昭陵六骏”中流失美国的“两骏”之一——飒露紫。
据此宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆不应该以购买的方式征集六骏中的“二骏”,并且“二骏”是被破坏后运出我国,破坏程度已相当严重,外观残破分裂,很明显是非科学性发掘,涉及到蓄意破坏和损坏。根据民国三年(1914年)六月十三日由袁世凯总统颁布的总统令《严禁私自售运古物令》,“凡国家之所留贻,社会之所珍护,非第供考古之研究,实关于国粹之保存……其京外商民如有嗜利私售情事,尤应严重取缔,并由各地方官实行禁止,以防散佚。”昭陵二骏在没有政府批准的情况下,是不得进行出口交易的。而即使明知这一点,宾大博物馆还是持放任的态度购买“二骏”。据此,我们可以要求宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆与我方探讨拟定双边合作计划的可能性,以促成六骏的统一。
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