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救命药短缺成常态 10元一支鱼精蛋白被炒至上万

2016-10-03 09:07:42   生命时报

四大原因拖了生命后腿

到底为何这些“救命药”在生命危急关头“拖了后腿”?专家们认为主要有四方面原因:

价格低廉,药厂生产亏损。复旦大学公共卫生学院卫生经济学副教授刘宝表示,当前,药品定价主要是由国家发展和改革委员会制定基本药物全国零售指导价格,在保持生产企业合理盈利的基础上压缩不合理营销费用。通常,进入《基本药物目录》的药物,需要经过公开招标采购,而价格低、需求量大的药往往竞争激烈。有些药厂为中标,恶意竞争,压低价格。但又因中标价太低,无利润空间,放弃生产,导致一定时期内部分药品短缺。

需求量少,非医院常备用药。张亚同指出,临床上,“救命药”针对的患者通常是罕见病和突发状况的患者,需求量很小。比如,上述提到误食火锅燃料中毒的小孩,以及手术用药或某些特殊病用药的患者,较为少见。另外,某些药物原料的短缺也会使医院未能储备充足的药品。像鱼精蛋白,主要存在鱼类(如鲑鱼、鳟鱼、鲱鱼等)成熟精子细胞核中作为和DNA结合的核精蛋白存在,但提取鱼类精子有季节性,便限制了原料的供应量。

价格形成机制不够清晰。刘宝指出,2014年5月9日,国家发改委公布《关于改进低价药品价格管理有关问题的通知》,首次取消了政府制定的低价药最高零售价,在日均标准费用内由企业自主定价,扶持了一些该类“救命药”生产企业。不过第二年该政策发生变化,药品最高零售限价政策取消,药品分类采购、医保支付价、医院二次议价等价格形成机制在实践中交错,客观导致价格信号进入一个更加不稳定时期,不利于药品企业生产。

特效药进入国内有时间差。“救命药”以癌症等重大疾病类用药为主,欧美是原研药的主要“阵地”,所以,用于肿瘤靶向和免疫治疗的一些药品目前在大陆均未上市。张亚同解释,国外原研药应用于国内临床,必须根据国人情况做试验,会比国外至少滞后3年,加之受知识产权保护,专利购买费用高,很难尽快引入。正因如此,很多国内患者纷纷到不受专利限制的印度,代购仿制药、海外就医。

“以需定产”才能救命

面对这种状况,国家出台相应政策缓解“救命药”短缺。日前,国家卫生计生委发布《2016年临床必需、用量小、市场供应短缺药品定点生产企业招标公告》,将9种药品通过招标选择生产企业,为政府办基层医疗卫生机构和公立医院供应定点生产品种,推动恢复生产供应。

专家认为,除了政策上的规范与支持,最重要的还是要“以需定产”,才能保障“救命药”供给的持续性。中国药品流通行业专家王锦霞认为,对短缺药品实行带量采购,明确采购关系,建立合理的价格机制,才能刺激生产,真正地实现供给保障。

其次,要给予企业明确的价格信号。在刘宝看来,政府定点生产、定点采购对缓解短缺态势有一定作用,但从根本来说,企业生产面临困难,与不稳定的价格机制分不开,政府要做的是让价格改革突前、价格信号要准、方向要对,有效引导企业生产和供应决策,才能保持可持续性。

最后,建立短缺药品监测预警系统。刘宝建议,除了已推动的省级短缺药品监测预警系统外,国家药管平台也应加大资金投入,及时汇总全国药品短缺信息,加强与医疗机构、药品生产流通企业沟通,从而有效协调和解决药品短缺问题。

受访专家:复旦大学公共卫生学院卫生经济学副教授刘宝

中国医药商业协会原副会长、药品流通行业专家王锦霞

北京医院(国家老年医学中心)药学部副主任药师张亚同

责任编辑:李皓 CN002
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