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揭秘天宫二号空间实验室:到底有多牛?

2016-09-15 11:14:22   国际在线

天宫二号空间实验室与长征二号F T2火箭垂直转运至发射塔架。 孙浩摄

“天宫二号”上的新实验

虽然“天宫一号”、“天宫二号”都属于空间实验室,但后者更为正规,或者说“天宫二号”才是真正意义上的空间实验室。

6月2日,中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心高级顾问顾逸东院士介绍了“天宫二号”的部分空间科学任务。

比如“空—地量子密钥分配与激光通信试验”,密钥分发是实现“无条件”安全的量子通信的关键步骤,这项试验将验证量子密钥分发的核心环节,在天地间传输密钥。

再如“伽马暴偏振探测”项目,将对伽马暴和太阳耀斑进行高灵敏度偏振观测。“可望开辟伽玛射线偏振探测天文新窗口。”顾逸东说。“天宫二号”搭载的伽马暴探测设备由中国科学院与瑞士日内瓦大学联合研制,这台设备比过去国际上类似仪器的探测效率高数十倍,中欧科学家合作研究揭示宇宙结构、起源、演化问题。

此外,“天宫二号”还将搭载全球首台冷原子钟,开展“液桥热毛细对流实验研究”、“多样品材料空间生长实验”、“空间高等植物培养实验”等项目。

“天宫二号”热毛细对流空间实验项目主任设计师、中国科学院力学研究所研究员康琦解释,为生产出高质量的半导体材料,就要科学控制单晶硅在晶体生长过程中浮力对流和热毛细对流的影响,而太空特有的微重力环境将使科学家深入剖析热毛细对流的真实过程。

这次飞行中,“天宫二号”还将释放一颗伴随卫星,这是一颗微纳卫星,搭载多个试验载荷,并具备较强的变轨能力,具备开展空间任务的灵活性与机动性。伴随卫星将在任务期间开展对空间组合体的飞越观测等试验,为主航天器的技术试验提供支持,并拓展空间技术应用。

天宫二号空间实验室与长征二号F T2火箭垂直转运至发射塔架。 孙浩摄

空间实验室与空间站的区别

空间实验室是建造在太空中的实验室,这种特殊的实验室需要先发射无人空间实验室,然后再用运载火箭将载人飞船送入太空,与停留在轨道上的无人空间实验室交会对接。接下来,航天员从飞船中进入空间实验室,开展工作,完成工作后再乘飞船返回地球。因此,中国在发射“天宫二号”后,还将发射“神舟十一号”载人飞船,与“天宫二号”对接,从而完成空间实验室的建造。

而空间站是指可供多名航天员巡访、长期工作和居住生活的载人航天器。空间站最大的特点就是规模和体积庞大、在轨运行的时间久,比如由美国、俄罗斯、日本、加拿大、巴西和欧洲空间局共同建造的国际空间站,已经为人类工作了16个年头。

空间实验室像是空间站的前身,为发展空间站,从载人飞船过渡到载人航天基础设施的试验性航天器。前者是为建造复杂程度更高的空间站所做准备工作。(完)

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