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三问白洋淀大面积死鱼事件:污染来自哪里 真相如何

2016-08-20 07:05:54   中国新闻网

针对村民所说的水污染导致死鱼,记者从安新县环保、水产等部门了解到,事实上,死鱼事件在白洋淀并不鲜见,但鱼类大量死亡的原因比较复杂,往年开春后是此类事件的高发期,主要由于淀内的水在冬春季达到最低点,养殖户大量投饵造成水体富营养化,水体含氧量减少,大一些的鱼很容易窒息而死;冬季降雪容易在淀内形成乌冰,这种冰透光率很差,影响水藻的生长,一些小鱼缺少食物被饿死。此外,上游河道有污染物下泄到淀内,大量有机物消耗了水中的氧气,也是造成死鱼的重要原因。

保定市环保局自然生态处处长郑学雷告诉记者,近年来白洋淀富氧化问题非常严重,此次发生死鱼事件的水域并非养殖区,底泥、死植等对养鱼都存在风险。

据了解,水产养殖一般应在Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水质,Ⅳ类水质养鱼就存在风险。而据河北省环保厅今年6月公布的数据显示,白洋淀水质为劣Ⅴ类,重度污染。

二问 水体污染来自哪里

白洋淀的水质正在逐年恶化。河北省环保厅历年发布的《河北省环境状况公报》显示,2011年,白洋淀水质在Ⅳ类到劣Ⅴ类之间。此后,白洋淀水质一直持续在劣Ⅴ类,只有2014年有6个监测断面水质在Ⅳ到Ⅴ类之间。

值得一提的是,近年来,白洋淀的主要水污染物已经从化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数,变为化学需氧量和总磷。化学需氧量高意味着水中的有机物污染越严重;总磷是水体中磷元素的总含量,主要来源于大量含磷工业污水的排放。前者会对水生生物造成持久的毒害作用,后者则会引起藻类植物的过度生长,水体富营养化。而这也是造成死鱼事件的直接原因。

2006年白洋淀发生大面积死鱼事件后,当时河北省环保局对外通报了事件的调查处理结果,表示造成白洋淀水体污染主要有四方面原因:一是保定市区每天产生的25万吨生活和工业污水中约9万吨污水未经集中处理排入白洋淀。另外,位于白洋淀上游的清苑、满城、蠡县等12个县(市)均未建成城镇污水处理厂,大量未经处理的生活污水进入白洋淀。二是满城县特别是大册营镇造纸业发展失控,污水进淀,造成入淀污染物总量大幅增加。三是白洋淀水位长年偏低,且当年补水较晚,导致淀区污染物浓度升高,水质恶化。四是部分工业企业超标排污和保定市银定庄、满城县大册营镇污水处理厂不正常运行,特别是保定市新市区所辖28家造纸企业有27家外排污水不能实现稳定达标。

近年来,在河北“利剑斩污”和产能结构调整的大背景下,大量污染企业被关停,尤其是水污染严重的造纸行业被大力整顿。然而,白洋淀的水污染并未停止。

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