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北京拟将霾纳入气象灾害 专家:别把人祸定为天灾

2016-08-01 11:54:23   中国环境报

我国怎样才能从根本上防治霾污染?

关键要靠能源结构调整和大气污染物减排,实行精准治霾和科学治霾。

中国环境报:当前我国怎样才能从根本上防治霾污染?

刘文清:客观天气条件仅影响污染的累积状态。但是,造成霾污染的根本原因有很多,如我国一次PM2.5和主要前体物排放量仍居高难下,特别是挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氨(NH3)排放尚未有效控制;我国重点区域单位面积煤炭消费强度高,且散烧煤比例高;机动车保有量高速增长、高频使用和高度聚集,尚未建立完善的“车—油—路”一体化的控制体系;农业源氨排放对PM2.5污染存在影响等。

因此,解决霾的问题根本在于:

一是科学统筹规划,明确霾污染防治的分阶段目标,持之以恒地减少一次PM2.5、SO2、NOX、VOCs和NH3的排放总量。二是推动能源生产和消费革命,实施煤炭清洁、高效、集中和可持续利用战略,提高清洁能源的比例。三是重塑节能减排、安全快捷的公共交通体系。四是推进农业生产方式和农村能源变革,大力推广智能种养一体化,有效减少农业NH3排放、林业VOCs排放及秸秆焚烧污染物排放,坚定不移地推进“大气十条”和《大气污染防治法》、《环境保护法》的贯彻实施。

增加环保部门对排放的监查和管控作用是从根本上防治霾污染的关键。但目前地面有限指标的监测,不能满足霾形成机制、演变和输送过程的研究需求。因此,我们也需要发展具有自主知识产权的快速、实时、动态的大气环境监测技术、设备、模型和开展相关研究,构成完整的大气环境监测系统,提高和改善大气环境监测能力,为大气环境污染监测提供有效手段。

例如,集成车载、机载探测和星载遥测等监管技术及大气边界层理化结构综合探测技术,构建大气污染源排放综合监测、大气复合污染及其前体物立体观测以及大气环境监测质量控制等大气污染监测技术体系,建设我国自己的大气环境探测与模拟实验研究设施,建立符合中国特点的相关污染模式,从而预测我国不同区域背景下大气复合污染及其环境效应的发展趋势,并提出控制思路。

王金南:经验表明,减少或消除霾的关键还是要靠能源结构调整和大气污染物减排,实行精准治霾和科学治霾,其中更需要加强部门之间、地方之间的合作。

霾的影响主要体现在能见度上,国内外早在上世纪就有非常多的研究,证明PM2.5浓度和能见度有非常强的相关关系。我国城市目前的PM2.5平均浓度在50微克/立方米左右,京津冀是目前国内区域PM2.5浓度最高、大气污染最严重的区域。

只有通过调整产业和能源结构、实行区域联防联治、实现能源清洁化、采取综合和严格的污染控制措施,把主要大气污染物的排放量减少一半以上,京津冀区域才能大幅度地降低PM2.5的浓度,才能从根本上防治霾污染。

柴发合:正如一开始所讲到的,霾是人类活动排放的污染叠加一定气象条件因素形成的污染问题,因此,污染物排放强度大是导致霾的主因,不利气象条件是诱因。从根本上防治霾污染,还是要靠踏踏实实、坚持不懈的大气污染物减排工作。

京津冀及周边地区是目前我国大气污染形势最为严峻的地区之一。相关科研成果表明,京津冀地区的一次PM2.5、SO2、NOX、VOCs和NH3等主要大气污染物排放总体上要减少50%甚至更多,环境空气质量才能得到根本改善。以往的成功案例也表明,即使出现不利气象条件,只要污染物排放强度得到大幅降低,仍然能够收获良好的空气质量。

我国的大气污染防治工作还

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