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北京拟将霾纳入气象灾害 专家:别把人祸定为天灾

2016-08-01 11:54:23   中国环境报

另外,《北京市气象灾害防治条例(草案)》对气象灾害应对工作的定位与国务院《气象灾害防御条例》有明显不同,将气象灾害从“防御”扩展到“防治”,从“预警、防御”功能扩展到“污染防治”职责,混淆了大气污染防治的主体责任,与《大气污染防治法》和《北京市大气污染防治条例》交叉重叠,将给大气污染防治工作带来混乱。

其他国家或地区有将霾列入气象灾害定义吗?

没有一个国家或地区是将霾列入气象灾害来进行防治的。

中国环境报:据您了解,在其他国家或地区,有将霾列入气象灾害定义来进行防治的吗?

刘文清:目前暂时还没有将霾列入气象灾害来防治的例子。现在大多数国家和地区主要是对霾开展预警预报,厘清主、客观气象条件对重霾污染形成、发展和消除的影响。这是准确模拟和预测颗粒物浓度、进而预警霾污染的必要前提。

王金南:到目前为止,我还没有查到一个国家和地区有过把霾列入气象灾害来防治的先例。与治霾类似的大气污染防治经验,包括伦敦烟雾事件和洛杉矶烟雾事件后伦敦和洛杉矶空气质量的改善,全部是通过积极改善能源结构和减少污染物排放来实现的。其政府从未、也不可能把责任推给气象因素,否则只可能造成对社会认知的误导,在凝聚全社会力量治霾方面造成阻力。我国近两年空气质量的改善,已经充分证明了这一点,而且得到了国际社会的认可。

此外,国内外的经验也都不支持“通风廊道建设是改善空气质量的关键原因”这一结论。国外如伦敦烟雾事件和洛杉矶烟雾事件后,空气质量大幅度改善和PM2.5大幅度减少,国内如珠三角地区第一个实现区域性城市空气质量达标,都没有依赖于通风廊道的建设。

当然,从城市多维保护和管理角度出发,如减缓城市热岛效应、改善城市景观,规划和建设城市通风廊道也是值得考虑的。

柴发合:根据我们对美欧日等发达国家和地区在空气质量改善方面成功经验的了解,没有一个国家或地区是将霾列入气象灾害来进行防治的。

美国的气象灾害预警体系中,有高温、寒潮、大风、龙卷风、暴风雨、洪水、大雾等预警,和我国的气象灾害定义类似,没有任何与“霾”等大气污染相关的预警。美国的空气质量预报预警,完全由美国环保局负责日常发布。

上述国家和地区在空气质量改善方面取得的成功,都是通过多年来坚持不懈地减少大气污染物排放才得以实现的,从未有过将霾列入气象灾害来进行防治的案例。

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