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长征七号做“防水”可冒中雨发射 能抗八级大风

2016-06-24 08:05:39   新京报

长征七号运载火箭计划6月25日至29日在海南文昌发射场择机发射。作为新一代的运载火箭,长征七号是一枚怎样的火箭,使用了哪些新技术?为应对潮湿多变的特殊气候环境,长征七号又进行了哪些设计?

“防水”设计渗透到每个细节

现役火箭发射选择窗口时都会避开雷雨天,而新一代运载火箭则能实现中雨发射,这是因为新一代运载火箭是做了“防水”设计的。海南文昌发射场气候潮湿,降水量大,全年12小时内降水5毫米至15毫米的中雨较多。火箭不仅要防雨水,还有箭体表面、管路上的冷凝水也会影响到正常发射。因此,对火箭防水的设计渗透到了每一个细节。如在部段对接处、细小的孔径和缝隙处都要加密封条、涂硅橡胶等。而平衡整流罩内外压力的排气孔也做了专门的防水措施。

火箭也有“脐带”不断输送“养料”

火箭在到达发射场之后,有着类似于连接婴儿和母体的“脐带”,它就是火箭的加注管道、供气管道、空调管道以及电缆等,它们向火箭源源不断地输送燃料、供气以及调节体温。

长征七号火箭有专门的承载火箭加注管道、供气管道的装置——脐带塔,高约64.5米,分上、中、下三段,呈锥形,重约250吨。

长征七号火箭的脐带塔很特别,它的两侧装有6根摆杆,内部铺设有加注、供气、空调管路和箭上众多控制电缆,以及配气台和中频电源房间。

火箭燃料加注可停放24小时

长征七号火箭在海南发射场合练,低温燃料加注后成功停放24小时,创下了低温燃料停放时间最长纪录。新一代运载火箭有多种发射任务需求,停放24小时,可为成功发射争取更多有利时间,提高火箭发射的可靠性。

为何低温燃料加注后仅能停放24小时?因为低温燃料不仅温度极低,且易燃易爆易蒸发,停放中的火箭就像“炸弹”,不仅工作人员要在低温环境中作业,箭体上部分仪器设备也要面临低温环境的考验。且在加注后停放的24小时内,需补加3至5次。

防风减载装置可抗八级大风

在国内主要的4个发射场中,除海南文昌发射场外,其他的发射场都在内陆,风速随距地面高度的变化不大。但文昌发射场不同,距地面五六十米高的地方风速要远高于地面风速。“地面感受到的是微风,火箭一级的地方可能就是‘大风’了。我们将这种随距地面高度而变化的风称为‘浅层风’。”研制人员说,这给“长征七号”垂直转场增加了难度。

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