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清华水利教授驳"三峡包管一切":防洪能力没那么强

2016-06-14 08:12:45   澎湃

澎湃新闻:包括三峡在内的水库建成以后,清水下泄造成荆江河道冲刷严重。除了崩岸,还可能出现哪些问题?

周建军:崩岸不是太大的问题,是在河道冲刷过程中必然的适应过程。但是崩岸的一个后果是危及堤防,要密切注意。河床横向需要维持一定的坡度才稳定,现在一些地方已经冲刷下切20多米深,横向坡度一下就变陡了,在一定情况下必然出现周边坡岸滑落,就是崩岸。

因河流地基沉降、变形幅度很大,基础非常复杂和薄弱,钢筋混凝土堤防破坏更快、危险更大,因此只能采取可以适应大幅度变形的土堤。

但土做的江河堤防不能够受水流直接冲击,堤前滩地是保护堤防安全的屏障。滩地可以降低堤前流速,使主流离开堤防,堤防就安全。如果出现崩岸,几百米甚至上公里幅度垮塌,就有可能把原在河滩后面的堤防直接暴露到主流冲击下。一旦崩岸大了就会把主流引到堤边。在大洪水期间这种垮塌发展很快,是来不及抢险的,所以极其危险。

除了崩岸,最大的问题是河道大幅度下切,改变了荆江与洞庭湖的关系(江湖关系),这对长江中游防洪很不利。因为荆江河段冲刷,上面来同样洪水走荆江的流量更大,从“三口”(松滋口、太平口、藕池口)分出的洪水少了。加上城陵矶水位抬高严重,也从下游顶托,使荆江洪水位抬高。现在监利同流量洪水位比过去高了许多,加上走荆江的流量更大,综合水位更高。如果前期不珍惜三峡防洪库容,万一控制不住就可能翻堤。

长江中游在过去十多年里,冲刷掉了15亿立方米泥沙。荆江从枝城到城陵矶这段约300多公里,主河槽平均降低了2.11米,几乎降低了一个姚明。河道冲刷下切会改变荆江和洞庭湖的相对高程。本来是平行、并联的河湖系统,现在河道降低,相对来说湖就升高了,同等情况下洞庭湖分洪量越来越小,还有系列的生态环境问题。今后河道清水冲刷还会更厉害,洞庭湖这种不利情况还会加剧,值得重视。

长江当前最大的问题就是清水冲刷,长江中下游是冲积河流,天然河槽靠泥沙冲淤维持平衡。水库大量拦截泥沙后,下游河道沙量极度不平衡,必然冲刷河槽。

避免或者缓解这一问题有三个办法:一是把水库库尾淤积的粗沙通过疏浚转移到下游、抑制冲刷,二是增加引清水入洞庭湖(特别是中等流量洪水)降低荆江的冲刷能量,三是必须避免三峡拦中小洪水。

澎湃新闻:那如何去改善这种“江湖关系”?

周建军:改善“江湖关系”就是要增加生产用水、改善生态环境和保证江湖防洪安全。全面实现这些目标的根本是不要让荆江出现严重冲刷,维持正常但安全的河道水位,同时要尽量增加进入湖区的水量。

为了改善江湖关系,最有效的办法就是要抑制荆江冲刷和更多向洞庭湖分安全流量。我和老师林秉南先生曾经建议,扩大松滋口"引清水入洞庭湖",同时建闸门控制分洪、形成调节机制。

如果每年分入洞庭湖水量恢复到1200-1500亿立方米,洞庭湖的生态环境面貌一定不是现在这个样子,而且只有这样才能避免荆江在未来几百年的清水冲刷中河型转变和长江中游格局突变。这是“釜底抽薪”减少荆江冲刷和改善湖区水资源和生态环境(即改善江湖关系)的综合措施。希望有关部门能够重视和认真研究一下。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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