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三年间中国大陆81名官员自杀 心理重压来自何处

2016-05-12 18:54:49   《廉政瞭望》

集体腐败是指政府某个行政机构的全部或者部分成员,形成分利同盟,利用所掌握的政治权力,实现权力互补,从而进行中饱私囊,违法乱纪的腐败行为。在集体腐败的机构里,少数官员群体会形成关系紧密的小组织,共同谋取非法利益,甚至会排挤对付一些清廉的官员。如果有正义感的官员处于这样的集体中,就会面临选择公共利益还是腐败集团利益的冲突,两种选择都会让他痛苦,选择同流合污,会接受良心的谴责和拷问;选择忠诚于公共利益,会被腐败集体碾压出局,不协调的压力就会产生。

一名在省级机关供职的处级官员写信给媒体说,“在一些民主氛围不浓、法治不彰、潜规则盛行的地方官场,不少官员过得诚惶诚恐,生怕工作出现什么闪失,被领导斥责、被同事抓把柄、被组织‘凉拌’;有的官员与上司之间形成了事实上的人身依附关系,把大量心思用在取悦领导上面,身心俱疲。”

一名县级市市委书记则透露,“上级对干部的要求和老百姓对官员的期待差距太大,是官员心理压力大、容易抑郁的重要原因。”这些就是此类冲突给官员带来的压力。

公权强大,个人“弱势”致心理失衡

“相对剥夺感”主要表现为人们通过与其他参照群体比较,感知到自己所得价值与所做的贡献不成比例,产生的失衡心理。

中国官员在普通人心中是拥有公共权力的、地位显赫的社会“强势群体”,但《人民论坛》调查显示,45.1%的党政干部自认“弱势群体”。官员的这种弱势感其实就是“相对剥夺感”,是官员以一些成功商人或体制内强权领导等为参照样本所产生的心理不平衡。

改革开放以来中国社会发生的结构性角色地位变动,使相当一部分官员产生这种“相对剥夺感”,由此而引发了寻求补偿、滥用特权导致腐败的行为。有很多贪官在悔过书中有这样的表述,自己握有权力,可以调用数千万工程款,可是工资却只有几千元,而那些承包工程求自己办事的老板却出手阔绰,生活奢靡,自己也是社会精英,怎么生活水平就没有他们高呢。这就是典型的相对剥夺心理。研究表明,相对剥夺感强的个体更有可能参与群体性行为。严重的会导致愤怒情绪和犯罪行为,直至发生自杀事件。

不利的外部诱因

官员在上述冲突中体会到强烈的不协调压力,这只是心理层面的考验,但如果官员同时面临多重冲突,加上一些不利的外部诱因,就容易引发极端事件。比如网络监督的兴起使官员面临着社会公众的审视和质疑;再比如在高压反腐的态势下,由于我国缺乏完善和健全的公务员道德法和防止利益冲突、责任冲突的机制,官员在众多诱惑和高压的反腐态势之间,常常处在心理矛盾和失衡之中,容易产生严重的心理危机。如果没有及时疏导和足够的应对技能,自杀就成了某种解脱的选择。

(崔会敏郑州大学哲学与公共管理学院副教授,本文系第二届廉政太湖论坛获奖论文节选,刊出时有删减和个别改动。)

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