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发改委官员:收入差距在扩大 高低倍差超10倍

2016-04-11 09:03:03   观察者网

从需求看,中国的需求结构出现了问题。第一,我们的收入分配体制不合理,一方面存在着公共投资主体、生产投资主体拿钱太多,增长太快,公共投资用于生产投资的资源太多,挤压了消费空间,增长太慢不利于消费。另一方面消费主体之间出现了有钱的人不消费,没钱的人想消费。目前20%的低收入每月只有430多块钱,想消费却消费不了。还有20%的中低收入平均每月不到一千块钱。这两个群体加一块是5.5亿人,这5.5亿人需要传统消费的,而不是新兴消费。谁给他钱消费?这是很多人忽视的问题。

现在有人说中国的消费是上升的,从2006年以来投资消费在下行,消费业在跟着下行,投资下得快,消费下得慢。另外一个群体是40%的中高收入群体,但是他们不想消费。因为供给结构有问题,没有优质产品、安全食品,只好到国外消费,国外消费也不能把财富消费完,就存起来。供给结构限制了中高端的消费结构转换。

第二,社会保障体制由于水平低,不完善,广覆盖,造成了很多人不敢消费。老百姓确实有点钱,他们想消费,但在屁股后面的保障制度不足以保障其消费。比如中低收入阶层,人的一生要干四件大事儿,第一买房子建房子,第二婚娶,第三孩子教育,第四养老看病。我们哪一项能保障中低收入阶层大踏步消费,实现中国梦,实现不了。有好多人不愿意消费,不敢消费。

第三,经济下降,去产能影响就业,还有互联网+、智能化也影响就业,现在不要以为新兴产业增长不对就业带来影响,比如互联网+,互联网+在很大程度上是替代了传统商贸流通业才获得了发展,现在到微信上看,许多传统商贸业没有就业,倒闭了。连北京的大商场都关闭了,什么原因?现代新兴消费行业对传统行业的替代,替代不是增长,有一部分是增长,有一部分是替代。今年的居民收入有可能不会像以往那么高。所以,消费是缺乏一个持续增长的动力。


按五等分城乡居民收入差距

这组数据(如上图所示),我们过去历年来政府都在强调的城乡居民收入差距缩小,但是城市内部和农村内部的消费阶层在分化,城市20%的高收入和城市20%的低收入之间的收入差距由过去2000年的3.6扩大到5.5倍,扩大了1.9倍;农民内部20%的高收入和20%的低收入人群的收入差也是在扩大。2015年,20%的高收入组和低收入组差距扩大到10.45倍。高收入人群边际储备高,我们有利于中高收入阶层,结果是有利于储蓄,不利于消费。

要比财富结构,不能比本身,消费和储蓄要比,一个家庭财富总收入等于总消费+总储蓄,一个国家也一样,不能纵向比印度快,比美国快,得跟储蓄比,储蓄等于投资,投资等于产能。中国从消费市场看有严重的结构问题。

从供给看,中国的供给也出现了问题,供给结构上传统增长动力在衰退,新兴增长动力还在孕育,新旧动力不接续。为什么?在模仿式创新和高储蓄的条件下我们从上到下的体制有利于我们把资本高度进入到中低端产业,造成中低端产业产能过剩。当国内需求不足,国外出口下降的时候出现了严重过剩。当前中国的市场出清不了,可以缓解库存,但出清不了,我们产能在中低端是两种力量造成的,第一种力量是市场,第二种力量是由各级地方政府在竞争条件下大办园区,大办中低端产业造成的过剩。所以,靠市场是比较难的。所以,我支持政府去产能。

责任编辑:赵逸 CN039
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