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中纪委网站刊文:千人之诺诺 不如一士之谔谔

2016-03-04 09:17:12   中国纪检监察报

唐太宗也不是没有怒过,一次退朝之后到长孙皇后那里撒气,嚷嚷着要把这个“乡巴佬”给办了。亏得皇后贤明,穿戴好典礼才用的正装,向皇帝下跪道贺他得到一个忠臣,这可是圣君的标志,才使得唐太宗转怒为喜。魏徵去世之后,太宗亲自祭奠,并留下了那段传颂千古的“三镜论”:以铜为镜,可以正衣冠;以史为镜,可以知兴替;以人为镜,可以明得失。魏徵就是第三面镜子。贞观十八年太宗征高丽失败后,感慨“魏徵若在,不使我有是行也”。

中国文化讲求反求诸己、退恭自省,既要每日三省吾身,也要见贤思齐,向他人学习,虚心接受批评,从而正心修身、不断进步。孔子主张三人行必有我师,痛恨上下左右逢源的乡愿,尊敬像楚狂接舆、荷蓧老人这样的狂狷之士。他心目中理想的社会关系,是君子之间的和而不同、比而不周,而非小人之间的同而不和、周而不比。进入政治领域,理想的君臣关系,就是“君事臣以礼,臣事君以忠”。

能否广开言路,接受建议,常常决定一个朝代的盛衰。我们的中学课本中就学过《战国策》中“邹忌讽齐王纳谏”的故事,历朝历代这方面的例子更是不胜枚举。周厉王不听召公谏言,还要止谤路人,最终民怨沸腾,冲垮了周王朝的堤坝。秦二世时赵高在朝堂之上指鹿为马,满朝公卿唯唯诺诺,少数说真话的人被一一清除,秦二世周围再无忠臣。官渡之战,袁绍拒绝田丰、沮授等人的逆耳忠言,曹操则广招贤士,虚心求教,连袁绍手下的谋士许攸也为曹操所用,最终击败袁绍一统北方。同样是曹操,在接下来的赤壁之战中却一意孤行,败走华容道后痛哭谋士郭嘉早死,致使身边无人劝谏自己纠正错误。建安七子之一的王粲,在《仿连珠》一文中,提出了“观于明镜,则瑕疵不滞于躯;听于直言,则过行不累乎身。”唐太宗的“三镜论”也许就脱胎于此。

不怕有人说错话,就怕有话都不说。大凡成就大业者,往往虚怀若谷,从内心深处愿意倾听不同意见。明代大儒王阳明主政地方,出巡时让衙役打的牌子不是常见的“肃静”“回避”,而是“求通民情”“愿闻己过”,一时传为佳话。

有国外人士认为,中国共产党有稳定的领导层,也有庞大的民众基础,具有“纵向民主”的特点——通过上下互动交流,个人平等参与组织活动,基于理性讨论达成有效共识,从而采取集体行动。从历史上看,中国共产党历来反对“谁人背后无人说,哪个背后不说人”的庸俗哲学,主张有话放到台面上说,以当面锣对面鼓的批评求得肝胆相照的真团结。无论党内还是党外,都尽可能广泛地倾听意见,了解真实情况,保证决策的科学性和正确性。我们党对待批评的基本态度,是就事论事,对事不对人,实事求是,分清是非,最忌从恩怨、得失、厉害、亲疏出发看事待人,用人为的芥蒂把意见和分歧推向工作的反面。延安时期,开明绅士李鼎铭提出“精兵简政”的建议后,不少人怀疑其动机不良,但毛泽东同志从人民利益和实际需要出发,以诚相待,将这个办法称为“改造我们的机关主义、官僚主义、形式主义的对症药”,带头进行充分的民主讨论并通过了精兵简政政策,对陕甘宁边区和敌后抗日根据地战胜困难、提高工作效率起了很大的作用。1949年革命胜利前夕,毛泽东同志讲到党委会的十二条工作方法,强调党委书记要当好“班长”、要把问题摆到台面上来、注意团结那些和自己意见不同的同志一道工作,这些思想历久弥新,体现了共产党人的胸襟气度。

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