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海昏侯墓四大未解谜:“南昌”城名来自海昏侯?

2016-02-29 15:33:19   中国新闻网

编钟组件

“南昌”城名来自海昏侯? 发现带有“南昌”铭文字样的青铜豆形灯

“在海昏侯墓中,我们发现了关于南昌城最早、最珍贵的实物资料——带有‘南昌’铭文字样的青铜豆形灯。”杨军介绍,在墓葬的各个功能分区里,都设有通过腹部储水进行循环排烟的高等级贵族使用的灯器,“回廊、椁室、过道都有灯”。而这些灯上大多带有“昌邑”字样,在一件青铜豆上则明确出现了“南昌”的字样。据史料记载,南昌在汉高祖时就已建城,但其名如何得来,却有可能通过海昏侯墓的这一发现得出确论。

刘贺经历曲折、坎坷,5岁袭爵成了第二代昌邑王,19岁时继皇位27天后被废,被汉宣帝贬黜为海昏侯。“虽然出于政治上的原因,刘贺被贬斥到江西当了海昏侯,但他始终认为自己是昌邑王”,这一点通过墓葬中出土的我国汉墓史上最多、最完整的金器文物可以推测。“马蹄金和麟趾金为西汉皇帝颁赐诸侯的纪念品,可做祭天之用。而金饼、金板则是具有储藏功能的硬通货,是墓主人生前的‘储备金’。”西汉时期,每年8月祭祀宗庙,诸侯王要按宗国人口数量献金助祭。杨军猜测,成为列侯之后的刘贺再无法去长安宗庙祭拜自己的先辈。对此,刘贺颇为抑郁,他一心希望再次成为昌邑王,“梦想着一朝令下,他可以恢复‘王’的身份,回到长安去侍奉宗庙。”为此,他积累财富,为祭祀先祖做准备,“东西都准备好了,梦想却没有实现,都带进了坟墓。”

据分析,一心想恢复身份并始终自认“昌邑王”的刘贺,很可能将从前待过的山东称为“北昌邑”,将自己当下所处的江西鄱阳湖畔的都城称为“南昌邑”。这也可以解释,为何在随葬品中既有“昌邑”年款的器物,同时也有铭刻“南昌”二字的豆形灯。

出土“蒸馏器”是制酒器具?或将白酒历史往前推千年

我国古代有“事死如事生”的理念,因此杨军推测,海昏侯墓功能分区的布置可能就是其生前住宅的“微缩景观”。其中,北藏阁设有粮库等,而东藏阁则设有酒具库、炊具库等,“这与古人重饮食,‘仓廪实而知礼节’、‘民以食为天’的观念是密不可分的。”在粮库中,遗存最多的是“黍”,也就是小米,“小米在唐代一直是国家储备物资的重要种类,那么在汉代是否也与唐代一样呢?这值得研究。”

另外,墓葬中出土的青铜“蒸馏器”也是一段“待解之谜”。杨军说,“蒸馏器”是考古工作者们非常直观的推测。“起初我们猜想它的用途是制作果汁,后经社科院鉴定分析,发现其中的主要残留物是芋头。”这个结果让专家们将答案锁定在蒸馏制作烧酒的器具上,“日本到现在,制作清酒的主要原料还是芋头。”

杨军介绍,如果真能确定这个器具为制酒蒸馏器,那么“对中国乃至世界科技史,都是一件大事。”因为,此前最早发现的制酒蒸馏器出现在元代,“如果西汉就能够蒸馏白酒的话,那就是将白酒的历史推进了1000多年。”不过,杨军也坦言,事关重大,更要审慎对待,“要解答这个谜团,需要科技工作者、考古工作者和文献工作者的合作、实验才能完成。”

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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