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中国总人口数量最早5年后开始净减少 最晚2030年

2016-02-04 09:58:10   中国青年网

尽管个别有远见的人口学者已经提前预警,但就在几年前,人口负增长似乎还是一个遥不可及的事。然而,随着更多人口数据的曝光和解读,人们蓦然发现,人口负增长已在眼前。

根据人口学者的估算,最早可能在2021年中国人口就将进入负增长。这就是5年之后的事了。

人口负增长,通俗地说,就是死亡人口超过出生人口,总人口数量开始出现净减少。

总和生育率(TotalFertilityRate)是衡量生育水平常用的指标之一。它指的是平均每个妇女在育龄期生育的孩子数。中国的总和生育率从上世纪90年代初开始,跌到世代更替水平以下,此后一路降低,目前已经低至1.4(部分人口学者认为是1.3或者1.2)的低点。

对于一个总和生育率低于“2.1世代更替水平”——每位女性一生平均生2.1个孩子,出生的人数与死亡的人数大致相当——的地区来说,人口负增长是必然的。区别只是人口负增长到来得有多快。

人口学者黄文政曾经计算过,相对于2.2的更替水平,1.4的总和生育率意味着每隔一代人(25~30年)出生人数将萎缩36%,两代人就萎缩60%。这是个可怕的速度。

要判断人口负增长在哪一年到来,说起来并不复杂。根据总和生育率和育龄妇女数量,可以计算出每年出生人口的大致数量,而死亡人口一般相对稳定,找到死亡人口与出生人口相等的点就可以确定人口峰值和负增长开始的时间点。

当然也不会那么简单,因为要考虑一些变量。比如总和生育率,这是一个变动的量,政策变化等都会对它产生一定影响。比如全面两孩政策实施之后,可能会对总和生育率产生一定的影响。具体影响有多大,不同的学者测算的结果也不尽相同。又比如死亡人口,也要考虑到预期寿命的增加等各种因素。

但不管怎样,要确定人口负增长的点并不是不可能。目前对于中国人口负增长的判断有四五个版本之多。

一是联合国《世界人口前景2010年修订本》,判断中国人口峰值在13.96亿人,人口负增长出现在2027年。

第二个是国家卫计委认可的版本,人口峰值在14.5亿人,人口负增长出现在2030年。

第三个版本是中国社科院人口与劳动经济研究所人口学者王广州估算的,人口峰值不超过14.2亿人,人口负增长出现在2028年左右。

第四个版本是人口学者梁建章和黄文政做出。他们认为,中国人口峰值不超过14.2亿人,人口负增长可能在2021到2025年之间出现。

第五个版本是人口学者姚美雄,他判断人口负增长可能在2023年就出现,至于人口峰值,他认为由于全面两孩政策放开的影响到底有多大尚无法判断,所以难以判断人口峰值有多高。但是,即使为了增加出生人口而现在就开始大力鼓励生育二孩,人口峰值也肯定不会超过14.8亿人。

中国最大的危机是伴随着人口负增长的人口结构扭曲,高龄少子化和性别失衡。过去三四十年,不仅中国人口的总和生育率一路走低,中国人的生育意愿也非常低迷,0~14岁少儿人口正在持续减少。

这意味着,未来中国的劳动力尤其是青

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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